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121.
Differences between scientist and policy-maker response types and times, or the “how” and “when” of action, constrain effective
water resource management in suburbanizing watersheds. Policy-makers are often rushed to find a single policy that can be
applied across an entire, homogeneous, geopolitical region, whereas scientists undertake multiyear research projects to appreciate
the complex interactions occurring within heterogeneous catchments. As a result, watershed management is often practiced with
science and policy out of synch. Meanwhile, development pressures in suburban watersheds create changes in the social and
physical fabric and pose a moving target for science and policy. Recent and anticipated advances in the scientific understanding
of urbanized catchment hydrology and pollutant transport suggest that management should become increasingly sensitive to spatial
heterogeneities in watershed features, such as soil types, terrain slopes, and seasonal watertable profiles. Toward this end,
policy-makers should encourage funding scientific research that characterizes the impacts of these watershed heterogeneities
within a geopolitical zoning and development framework. 相似文献
122.
Graf WL 《Environmental management》2000,25(3):321-335
/ Data from historical aerial photographs analyzed with a GIS show that river channel change on the Salt River in the Phoenix metropolitan area of central Arizona has been driven by large-scale regional flood events and local human activities. Mapping of functional surfaces such as low-flow channels, high-flow channels, islands, bars attached to channel banks, and engineered surfaces shows that during the period from 1935 to 1997, the relative areal coverage of these surfaces has changed. Flood events have caused general changes in sinuosity of the low-flow channel, but islands have remained remarkably consistent in location and size, while channel-side bars have waxed and waned. The most important determinant of local channel form and process is sand and gravel mining, which in some reaches occupies more than 70% of the active channel area. The general location of mining is closely related to the location of the moving urban fringe, which serves as a market for sand and gravel during construction. Quantitative spatial analysis of imagery supplemented by field mapping shows that for each location within the general channel area, it is possible to specify a probability of encountering a low-flow channel or other fluvial features. Maps showing the distribution of these probabilities of occurrence reveal the most probable location and configuration of the channel as it occurred in the past. Some reaches have the low-flow channel located persistently within a limited area as a result of bedrock or sinuosity controls, but other reaches dominated by flow separation or shallow gradient have almost no persistence in channel location from one flood to another. 相似文献
123.
AFS-830型双道原子荧光光度计同时测定饮用水中砷、汞 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
主要探讨应用AFS-830型双道原子荧光光度计,在饮用水监测中同时测定水中砷、汞的方法和技术。此法是在硝酸介质,以硼氢化钠作还原剂,进行原子化,被测元素原子激发出荧光强度值在一定范围内与被测元素的浓度成正比。砷与汞的检出限分别为0.0618和0.0158ug/L。 相似文献
124.
《中国现代化报告2007——生态现代化研究》回顾了世界生态现代化的历程,总结了经验,介绍了世界生态现代化的基本原理,分析并评价世界各国生态现代化的水平,进而提出中国生态现代化的战略思考。这个研究报告指出了人类社会发展的方向一一生态现代化,为此我国必须进一步落实科学发展观,加快实施可持续发展战略,充分发挥后发优势,努力实现跨越式发展,走综合生态现代化的道路。 相似文献
125.
126.
127.
CO2 storage capacity estimation: Methodology and gaps 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Stefan Bachu Didier Bonijoly John Bradshaw Robert Burruss Sam Holloway Niels Peter Christensen Odd Magne Mathiassen 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2007,1(4):430-443
Implementation of CO2 capture and geological storage (CCGS) technology at the scale needed to achieve a significant and meaningful reduction in CO2 emissions requires knowledge of the available CO2 storage capacity. CO2 storage capacity assessments may be conducted at various scales—in decreasing order of size and increasing order of resolution: country, basin, regional, local and site-specific. Estimation of the CO2 storage capacity in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is straightforward and is based on recoverable reserves, reservoir properties and in situ CO2 characteristics. In the case of CO2-EOR, the CO2 storage capacity can be roughly evaluated on the basis of worldwide field experience or more accurately through numerical simulations. Determination of the theoretical CO2 storage capacity in coal beds is based on coal thickness and CO2 adsorption isotherms, and recovery and completion factors. Evaluation of the CO2 storage capacity in deep saline aquifers is very complex because four trapping mechanisms that act at different rates are involved and, at times, all mechanisms may be operating simultaneously. The level of detail and resolution required in the data make reliable and accurate estimation of CO2 storage capacity in deep saline aquifers practical only at the local and site-specific scales. This paper follows a previous one on issues and development of standards for CO2 storage capacity estimation, and provides a clear set of definitions and methodologies for the assessment of CO2 storage capacity in geological media. Notwithstanding the defined methodologies suggested for estimating CO2 storage capacity, major challenges lie ahead because of lack of data, particularly for coal beds and deep saline aquifers, lack of knowledge about the coefficients that reduce storage capacity from theoretical to effective and to practical, and lack of knowledge about the interplay between various trapping mechanisms at work in deep saline aquifers. 相似文献
128.
129.
S. Lawrence Dingman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(4):684-690
: In general, the choice among reservoirs for water supply or flow augmentation is a multiobjective problem. Choices are based in part on the yield available from water supply reservoirs or, in the case of flow augmentation reservoirs, on the increase in low flows at downstream locations. Detailed estimates of these effects may be too costly for basin planning purposes. Thus this paper presents methods for rapid estimation of those quantities for New Hampshire. For water supply reservoirs, a composite empirical relation between Y95 (the draft available 95 percent of the time) and storage ratio, S*, is developed from previous studies in the region. For flow augmentation reservoirs, empirical relations between S* and degree of regulation, R*, are applied to each upstream regulating reservoir. Values of regulation arc then summed and divided by the mean flow at the downstream reach of interest. This parameter, (ΓR)*, is then related to increase in flow available 95 percent of the time by an empirical relation. 相似文献
130.
William Whipple James M. DiLouie Theodore Pytlar 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(1):36-45
ABSTRACT: In urbanizing areas, the usual increase in flood flows also increases erosional capability of streams. In order to evaluate such tendencies quantitatively, 25 stream reaches were studied, and were classified as to whether erosion of the channel and banks was light, medium, or heavy. Analysis of characteristics indicated that (1) densely developed areas are correlated with greater erosion, (2) wide stream buffers of natural vegetation are correlated with lesser erosion, and (3) there is no definite correlation of erosion to slope or characteristics of soil. Erosional stream instability can be avoided by retention of storm water runoff, creating additional channel roughness or reducing channel slope during floods by drop structures, such as culverts, which restrict flow. Channel straightening and general bank protection should be minimized in such streams. Design of culverts should take such effects into consideration. 相似文献