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191.
Problem: The rollover crash is a serious crash type that often causes higher injury severities. Moreover, factors that contribute to the injury severities of rollover crashes may show instabilities in different vehicle types and time periods, which requires further investigations. This study utilizes the rollover crash data in North Carolina from Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) to study the effect instabilities of factors in vehicle type and time periods in rollover crashes. Methods: The injury severities of drivers are estimated using the random parameters logit (RPL) model with heterogeneity in means and variances. Available factors in HSIS have been categorized into three groups, which are drivers, road, and environment, respectively. This study also justifies the segmentations through transferability tests. The effects of identified significant factors are evaluated using marginal effects. Results: Factors such as FWP (farm, wood, and pasture areas), unhealthy physical condition, impaired physical condition, road adverse, and so forth have shown instabilities in marginal effects among vehicle types and time periods. Practical Applications: The finding of this research could provide important references for policy makers and automobile manufactures to help mitigate the injury severity of rollover crashes. 相似文献
192.
John S. McLaren Todd V. Royer Robert W. Van Kirk Melissa L. Muradian 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(5):1323-1334
This study seeks to improve understanding of temperature patterns in reservoir outflows. We examined water temperatures in an irrigation storage reservoir, Island Park Reservoir, and its outflow, Henry’s Fork of the Snake River in eastern Idaho. Our objectives were to (1) quantify the extent to which daily temperature ranges in the reservoir outflow deviated from other reaches of the Henry’s Fork, and (2) test whether the reservoir’s net volume change during the summer — expressed as the volume of water remaining in the reservoir on September 1 — predicted mean summer temperature in the outflow. Two years of temperature data showed dampened diel temperature cycles in the reservoir outflow. Model selection with 17 years of climatic, hydrologic, and reservoir management variables found mean summer temperature in the outflow was best predicted by September 1 reservoir volume and average summer air temperature. Two years of weekly reservoir thermal profiles indicated large changes in reservoir volume eliminated cool hypolimnetic water and encouraged mixing, allowing warm epilimnetic water to be discharged into the outflow. Increases in future drought frequency and severity and increases in summer air temperatures could increase the frequency of occurrence of high mean summertime water temperatures in the outflow. Our study provides important information for local managers by quantifying influences on outflow temperatures and the downstream river ecosystem. 相似文献
193.
Anna M. Jalowska Yongping Yuan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(1):209-227
Worldwide studies show 80%–90% of all sediments eroded from watersheds is trapped within river networks such as reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands. To represent the impact of impoundments on sediment routing in watershed modeling, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developers recommend to model reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands using impoundment tools (ITs). This study evaluates performance of SWAT ITs in the modeling of a small, agricultural watershed dominated by lakes and wetlands. The study demonstrates how to incorporate impoundments into the SWAT model, and discusses and evaluates involved parameters. The study then recommends an appropriate calibration sequence, i.e., landscape parameters calibration, followed by pond/wetlands calibration, then channel parameter calibrations, and lastly, reservoir parameter calibration. Results of this study demonstrate not following SWAT recommendation regarding modeling water land use as an impoundment depreciates SWAT performance, and may lead to misplaced calibration efforts and model over‐calibration. Further, the chosen method to model impoundments’ outflow significantly impacts sediment loads in the watershed, while streamflow simulation is not very sensitive. This study also allowed calculation of mass accumulation rates in modeled impoundments where the annual mass accumulation rate in wetlands (2.3 T/ha/yr) was 39% higher than mass accumulation rate in reservoirs (1.4 T/ha/yr). 相似文献
194.
以废弃液晶屏玻璃基板为原料,研究了球磨方式和球磨时间在球磨过程中对粉料粒径分布的影响。通过对废弃液晶屏玻璃基板的行星式球磨工艺的研究,探讨了球磨方式、球磨时间等因素对球磨效果的影响,以建立玻璃粉体细化的合理球磨方式和工艺参数。 相似文献
195.
196.
Dae-Min Kim 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2016,22(4):449-456
A total of 25 males participated to investigate the effects of the grip spans of pliers on the total grip force, individual finger forces and muscle activities in the maximum gripping task and wire-cutting tasks. In the maximum gripping task, results showed that the 50-mm grip span had significantly higher total grip strength than the other grip spans. In the cutting task, the 50-mm grip span also showed significantly higher grip strength than the 65-mm and 80-mm grip spans, whereas the muscle activities showed a higher value at 80-mm grip span. The ratios of cutting force to maximum grip strength were also investigated. Ratios of 30.3%, 31.3% and 41.3% were obtained by grip spans of 50-mm, 65-mm, and 80-mm, respectively. Thus, the 50-mm grip span for pliers might be recommended to provide maximum exertion in gripping tasks, as well as lower maximum-cutting force ratios in the cutting tasks. 相似文献
197.
以重庆市沙坪坝区杨家沟小流域为例,选取6种土地利用类型样地进行试验,研究紫色土区不同土地利用类型的土壤紧实度特征,为土壤质量评价和土地资源管理提供参考。通过多重比较检验分析土壤紧实度随土壤深度的变化规律以及不同土地利用类型下的差异,结果表明:(1)6种土地利用类型的土壤紧实度值为竹林地园地灌木林地林地草地旱地;(2)6种土地利用类型的土壤紧实度均随土壤深度增加而增大,但各类之间变化差异较大;(3)同土层而言,0~10cm土层旱地与其它5种土地利用类型的土壤紧实度有显著性差异(p0.05),但各种土地利用类型间底层土壤紧实度差异不明显;不同土层而言,0~10cm土层与其它3个土层有显著性差异(p0.05),由于0~10cm土层受耕作、踩踏等外力扰动与其它土层差异较大。10~20cm土层与其它3个土层也有显著性差异(p0.05)。其它各土层之间差异不明显。不同土地利用类型的土壤紧实度差异较大,主要与人类活动扰动程度有关。 相似文献
198.
众多手烧型锅炉和工业炉窑废气排放是造成城市空气严重污染的主要原因。本文通过剖析燃煤产生烟尘的机理,现有烟尘控制技术以及不同炉窑的工艺情况,提出手烧型燃煤锅炉、工业炉窑烟尘污染防治措施。 相似文献
199.
对"有毒重金属"实施2种总量控制监管方式的利害分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
首先,必须明确认定:对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件.这种监管方式自2008年《第一次全国污染源普查工业污染源产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有其切实实施的可行性.《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力.我国《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-88)中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在着"放宽允排量"和"价态转化引发危害"的问题;以一个10 t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大.总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式. 相似文献
200.