光照、流速和水温对大型人工输水渠道自净影响

以南水北调中线总干渠为对象,通过实验室模拟培养测定污染物降解系数,分析了光照、流速和温度对渠道自净能力的影响.结果显示,避光和光照条件下,高锰酸盐指数的降解系数分别为0.026和0.022d^-1,无显著性差异（P>0.05）;氨氮的降解系数分别为0.006和0.012d^-1,差异极显著（P<0.01）.各流速条件下高锰酸盐指数降解系数分别为0.027d^-1（0.2m/s）、0.029d^-1（0.3m/s）、0.029d^-1（0.4m/s）,氨氮降解系数分别为0.014d^-1（0.2m/s）、0.017d^-1（0.3m/s）、0.018d^-1（0.4m/s）,不同流速之间无显著性差异,但均显著高于0m/s实验组（P<0.05）.各温度条件下高锰酸盐指数降解系数分别为0.014d^-1（10℃）、0.018d^-1（15℃）、0.022d^-1（20℃）、0.029d^-1（25℃）和0.031d^-1（30℃）,25~30℃差异不显著（P>0.05）,其他各温度梯度之间均存在显著性差异;氨氮降解系数分别为0.002d^-1（10℃）、0.003d^-1（15℃）、0.010d^-1（20℃）、0.012d^-1（25℃）和0.020d^-1（30℃）,10~15℃、15~20℃和20~25℃差异不显著,其他温度梯度之间均具有显著差异.高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的温度校正系数θ值分别为1.047和1.079.研究结果可为中线工程水质管理提供依据.     

LOW FLOW SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN FORESTED HEADWATER CHANNELS OF SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: Patterns of dry season surface flow in forested headwater channels of southwest Washington were observed during August to September 2001 and July to October 2002. In 2001, 17 channels were sampled once, and the uppermost points of continuous flow (CF) and surface water (SW) were located. In 2002, sampling was replicated three to five times at each of 21 channels. Annual and seasonal data suggested that the location of SW varied less than CF. In most channels, SW remained at or near the channel head year around. The pattern of surface flow between CF and the channel head was used to test alternative hypotheses describing dry season recession patterns: (A) surface flow consistently retreats in a downstream direction, and (B) flow comes from fixed sources along the channel, thus surface flow retreats up‐channel towards these sources. The dominant surface flow spatial pattern in streams less than 30 percent slope was increased intermittency without a clear pattern of retreat, and thus inconsistent with either hypothesis. High gradient channels (< 30 percent slope) exhibited a combination of increased intermittency, and extensive upward retreats of surface water consistent with Hypothesis B. Differences between 2001 and 2002 suggest late summer flows in small headwater basins were controlled by spring precipitation, rather than the typically greater winter precipitation.     

腹板开槽冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢抗火性能有限元分析模型

位于冷弯薄壁型钢构件腹板的槽孔,可延长构件两边的热量传递路线,减弱冷弯薄壁钢构件作为墙板龙骨引起的冷桥效应。常温下冷弯薄壁构件的屈曲破坏模态已非常复杂,包括整体屈曲、局部屈曲和畸变屈曲等,且不同的屈曲破坏模态可能会相互影响。火灾下冷弯薄壁构件的破坏机理将更为复杂,根据常规的稳定理论难以求解其火灾下的临界荷载。本文利用有限元方法对火灾下腹板开槽冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢的受力性能进行了模拟,研究了单元类型、材料模型、初始几何缺陷以及求解方法等因素对分析结果的影响,为同类构件抗火性能的有限元模拟分析提供了建模依据。     

欧债危机下煤炭企业市场营销渠道分析

随着欧债危机的蔓延,我国煤炭企业市场效益也受到一定程度的影响。当前企业需要不断改变营销模式,拓展营销渠道,完善市场营销机制,才能提升企业的营销水平,为可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。煤炭企业在发展过程中受到国内市场和国际市场的双重影响,需要采取科学的营销策略,降低企业的营销成本,提升企业的市场经营水平,才能够帮助企业摆脱危机,实现经济效益增长。     

Impacts to Water Quality and Fish Habitat Associated with Maintaining Natural Channels for Flood Control

A field investigation conducted on Boulder Creek in Boulder, Colorado evaluated impacts of flood control maintenance activities on flood conveyance, water quality, and fish habitat. Thirty-nine transects were monitored at one control site and two maintenance sites over a period of eight months. Each site was visited on more than 50 occasions in order to characterize pre- and post-maintenance conditions, and to monitor maintenance activities. Measurements along the transects included substrate composition, flow depth, velocity, and elevation. Reach-average values were assigned to variables such as in-stream vegetation, streambank stability, and woody vegetation before and after maintenance. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity were sampled, and habitat suitability indices were developed pre- and post-maintenance for seven indicator fish species. Water quality impacts during maintenance consisted of high turbidity levels (> 400 NTU), which returned to background levels (0.1–15 NTU) overnight, as well as changes in mean temperature and pH. Alteration of physical channel characteristics as a result of maintenance had limited effects on habitat quality for four of seven fish species, but caused improvements in habitat quality for three fish species. The main implications of this study for floodplain management are that: (1) Flood control maintenance practices can be in direct conflict with water quality and fish habitat objectives, and should be carefully designed and implemented by an interdisciplinary team. (2) Physical habitat for some fish species can be improved as well as reduced by maintenance activities. Habitat suitability curves may be useful tools for evaluating limiting factors of the habitat and for identifying opportunities for habitat improvements as part of maintenance.     

DESIGN FOR A STABLE CHANNEL IN COARSE ALLUVIUM FOR RIPARIAN ZONE RESTORATION1

Geomorphic, hydraulic and hydrologic principles are applied in the design of a stable stream channel for a badly disturbed portion of Badger Creek, Colorado, and its associated riparian and meadow complexes. The objective is to shorten the period of time required for a channel in coarse alluvium to recover from an impacted morphologic state to a regime condition representative of current watershed conditions. Channel geometry measurements describe the stream channel and the normal bankfull stage in relatively stable reaches. Critical shear stress equations were used to design a stable channel in noncohesive materials with dimensions which approximate those of less disturbed reaches. Gabion controls, spaced at approximately 300 m intervals, are recommended to help reduce the chance of lateral migration of the newly constructed channel. Controls are designed to allow for some vertical adjustment of the channel bed following increased bank stability due to revegetation. The flood plain is designed to dissipate flood flow energy and discourage multiple flood channels. The channel has approximately a 90 percent chance of remaining stable the first two years following construction, the time estimated for increased stability to occur due to revegetation.     

环境保护中公众参与的若干探讨

在中国,公众参与、辅助政府各项工作已经取得一定的进展,然而公众参与程度和方式有待进一步扩充和完善。由于一些环境问题的潜在高风险性以及部分公众环保意识的迅速增强,使得政府充分发挥民主作用,鼓励和引导更深、更广层次的公众参与成为迫切要求。本文将在充分认识公众参与环保事业现状的前提下,研究其特殊性与局限性,并重新明确、界定公众参与的对象,最后在识别已有条件和潜在机遇的基础上,探索如何充分利用信息化、市场化条件建立、完善各种公众参与渠道,进而创造生动、务实的公众参与环境保护的局面。     

Comments on “Development of an empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient in natural streams” by Tae Myoung Jeon,Kyong Oh Baek and Il Won Seo

In a recent paper published in this journal, Jeon et al. ((2007), Environ Fluid Mech 7(4): 317–329) have presented a new empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient in natural streams that was developed based on the hydraulic and geometric parameters using a regression technique. A total of 32 data sets collected in 32 streams was used. Among them, 16 data sets were used for deriving the new equation, and the other 16 were used for verifying the equation. Starting from dimensional analysis the authors found that transverse dispersion coefficient depends on three parameters, such as sinuosity, aspect ratio and a friction term. The robust least square method was applied to estimate regression coefficients resulting in an equation which allows better prediction of transverse dispersion coefficient than previous literature equations. The discussers would like to highlight some points raised in the paper.     

滇池入湖河道底质污染及防治对策研究

根据滇池草海入湖河道底泥污染类型、污染程度、特征、分布规律等进行综合分析研究，对入湖河道的底泥污染提出防治对策。     

滇池入湖河道底质污染及防治对策研究

根据滇池草海入湖河道底泥污染类型、污染程度、特征、分布规律等进行综合分析研究,对入湖河道的底泥污染提出防治对策。