MBR在橡胶废水处理中的应用

橡胶废水具有含盐量高、色度高、有机污染成分含量高且难于生化降解等特点。膜生物反应器(MBR)技术的核心是生化处理加微滤膜过滤,通过将MBR技术应用于橡胶废水处理的实践表明,该技术对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率都达到了85%以上,再辅之以药剂处理后,降低了色度和难降解有机物含量,出水水质完全符合排放标准的要求,是一种解决橡胶污水处理难题的有效途径。     

地下停车库空气污染物排放实测研究

通过对上海市某商业地下停车库库内及排风管道的连续监测,获得了CO、NO、非甲烷总烃(NMHC)、PM10等空气污染物浓度数据。结果表明:(1)地下停车库的休息日车流量明显大于工作日,且工作日小时车流与车位比为20%~50%、休息日小时车流与车位比为20%~80%。(2)总体上,地下停车库内CO、NO、NMHC浓度呈明显变化规律,营业时间现峰值,非营业时间现谷值;地下停车库内CO、NO、NMHC变化规律和车库排风中具有较好的一致性。(3)车库排风中污染物浓度水平均低于地下停车库内。(4)营业时间的CO、NO、NMHC小时浓度平均值明显增大,约为非营业时间的2.42~3.67倍。(5)单车次CO、NOX、NMHC排放量最大值分别为0.855、0.070、0.214g/(辆·次)。(6)营业时间,除地下停车库内CO外,NO、PM10的8h时间加权平均值符合《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值化学有害因素》(GBZ 2.1—2007,其中未规定NMHC)中时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA);地下停车库内CO出现33.3%的超标频率,最大占标率104%。     

“十二五”四川省主要污染物总量减排形势分析

实施污染物总量减排是我国环境管理和污染控制的重大举措,“十二五”期间仍将是我国环境保护的重点内容。本文根据四川省“十一五”总量减排的成效和问题,结合国家对“十二五”总量减排的新要求和特点,从畜禽养殖、城镇生活污染、机动车尾气防治、重点行业减排等方面,对未来减排存在的压力进行了分析,并由此提出了优化产业结构、严把项目准入关、加强环保基础设施建设和管理、加强机动车污染防治、加强畜禽污染治理、加强重点污染源治理、构建综合保障体系等措施和建议。     

珠江三角洲蔬菜基地蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量特征

邻苯二甲酸酯是一类重要的环境激素类污染物。本文以气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用检测技术,对珠江三角洲地区典型蔬菜生产基地蔬菜中6种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物进行测试分析。结果发现:(1)珠江三角洲地区典型蔬菜生产基地的蔬菜样品中,多数样品检测出6种邻苯二甲酸酯,总含量为0.46～12.02mg/kg。(2)基地蔬菜中单个邻苯二甲酸酯化合物的种类和含量因蔬菜种类、品种、部位和生长环境等因素而异。(3)同种类蔬菜在不同基地或同一基地不同种类蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量分布不同。(4)大部分蔬菜中以邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为主。     

Monitoring of heavy metal and organic compound levels along the Eastern Aegean coast with transplanted mussels

Within the framework of the MYTITURK project, heavy metals and organic compounds contaminations were assessed in transplanted mussels in eight different bays from the Eastern Aegean coast. Izmir Bay, Canakkale Strait entrance, Saros and Candarli Bay were defined low pollution extent according to Principal Component Analysis taking into metal accumulation. PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) levels in the range of 29.4–64.2 ng g⁻¹ (dry weight) indicated that PAH contamination level classified as low along the Aegean coast. Concentrations of Aroclor1254 and 1260 were higher in transplanted mussels from Canakkale Strait Outlet due to industrial activities was originated from Marmara Sea. The organochlorinated pesticides such as heptachlor (<0.4 ng g⁻¹), aldrin (<0.30 ng g⁻¹), dieldrin (<0.75 ng g⁻¹), endrin (<2.3 ng g⁻¹) concentrations were homogeneous however, HCB (Hexachlorobenzene) and lindane concentrations were found undetectable level along the coast. DDE/DDT ratio in the caged mussels form Gulluk and Gokova Bay indicated recent DDT (Dikloro difenil trikloroethan) usage in these areas. The residues of organochlorinated compounds in transplanted mussels confirm the long persistence of DDTs. According to world health authorities, the concentration of heavy metals in mussels for the study area can generally be considered not to be at levels posing a health risk except Zn. The levels of POPs indicated that transplanted mussels have a lack of risk for the human health.     

Residues of persistent organic pollutants in frequently-consumed vegetables and assessment of human health risk based on consumption of vegetables in Huizhou,South China

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 phthalate esters (PAEs), eight organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 17 frequently-consumed varieties of vegetables collected from 48 sites in Huizhou were measured. Concentrations of PAHs and PAEs of leafy vegetables were higher than those of gourd and fruit vegetables but it was the opposite for OCPs and PCBs. A questionnaire of 450 local residents on vegetable consumption showed that the total vegetable ingested rates of females and males were 278.80 g person⁻¹ d⁻¹ and 282.92 g person⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. The weight-specific daily intakes of pollutants by females were higher than those by males because of differences in body weight. Twenty-seven pollutants were used to assess the potential risk to human health by calculating target hazard quotient (THQ) values. Results showed that the risk to females was higher than for males. OCPs were the major contributors to the risk for both females and males. The main risks were from consumption of eggplant, Chinese lettuce and luffa and were significantly related to the contents of di-nonyl phthalate, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and p,p-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane in vegetables. Although the THQ values induced by individual pollutants were relatively low, the total THQ values induced by 27 pollutants were above 1 in some administrative regions of Huizhou, which might give cause for concern.     

Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters

Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3% to 50.8% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1% to 13.9% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.     

Evaluation of the temporal variations of air quality in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1994 to 2003

Data collected from the five air-quality monitoring stations established by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration in Taipei City from 1994 to 2003 are analyzed to assess the temporal variations of air quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted to convert the original measuring pollutants into fewer independent components through linear combinations while still retaining the majority of the variance of the original data set. Two principal components (PCs) are retained together explaining 82.73% of the total variance. PC1, which represents primary pollutants such as CO, NO(x), and SO(2), shows an obvious decrease over the last 10 years. PC2, which represents secondary pollutants such as ozone, displays a yearly increase over the time period when a reduction of primary pollutants is obvious. In order to track down the control measures put forth by the authorities, 47 days of high PM(10) concentrations caused by transboundary transport have been eliminated in analyzing the long-term trend of PM(10) in Taipei City. The temporal variations over the past 10 years show that the moderate peak in O(3) demonstrates a significant upward trend even when the local primary pollutants have been well under control. Monthly variations of PC scores demonstrate that primary pollution is significant from January to April, while ozone increases from April to August. The results of the yearly variations of PC scores show that PM(10) has gradually shifted from a strong correlation with PC1 during the early years to become more related to PC2 in recent years. This implies that after a reduction of primary pollutants, the proportion of secondary aerosols in PM(10) may increase. Thus, reducing the precursor concentrations of secondary aerosols will be an effective way to lower PM(10) concentrations.     

重庆气矿污染物排放现状及减排措施分析

重庆气矿在高压、高含硫、高产量条件下的天然气开发过程中,不可避免地会产生废水、废气、废渣、噪声等污染物,并对环境造成影响。为此,重庆气矿对污染物排放的种类、特点及现有治理措施和效果进行了分析,并对存在的问题提出了具体的防治措施。     

Sorption of polar and nonpolar organic contaminants by oil-contaminated soil

Sorption of nonpolar (phenanthrene and butylate) and polar (atrazine and diuron) organic chemicals to oil-contaminated soil was examined to investigate oil effects on sorption of organic chemicals and to derive oil–water distribution coefficients (K_oil). The resulting oil-contaminated soil–water distribution coefficients (K_d) for phenanthrene demonstrated sorption-enhancing effects at both lower and higher oil concentrations (C_oil) but sorption-reducing (competitive) effects at intermediate C_oil (approximately 1 g kg⁻¹). Rationalization of the different dominant effects was attempted in terms of the relative aliphatic carbon content which determines the accessibility of the aromatic cores to phenanthrene. Little or no competitive effect occurred for butylate because its sorption was dominated by partitioning. For atrazine and diuron, the changes in K_d at C_oil above approximately 1 g kg⁻¹ were negligible, indicating that the presently investigated oil has little or no effect on the two tested compounds even though the polarity of the oil is much less than soil organic matter (SOM). Therefore, specific interactions with the active groups (aromatic and polar domains) are dominantly responsible for the sorption of polar sorbates, and thus their sorption is controlled by available sorption sites. This study showed that the oil has the potential to be a dominant sorptive phase for nonpolar pollutants when compared to SOM, but hardly so for polar compounds. The results may aid in a better understanding of the role of the aliphatic and aromatic domains in sorption of nonpolar and polar organic pollutants.