三峡库区主要粮食作物和土壤中重金属的相关性及富积特征分析

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明三峡库区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr的变异系数小于50%,重金属的含量比较稳定。稻谷（Oryza sativa）中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr,玉米（Zea mays）中Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr和小麦（Triticum aestivum）中Cu、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr的变异系数大于50%。土壤、稻谷、玉米、小麦中大部分重金属呈偏态分布。土壤中重金属间均为正相关,且极显著正相关性明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中重金属间有正相关,也有负相关,但正相关明显多于负相关;稻谷、玉米、小麦中Mn同其它重金属间均有显著正相关性,协同作用明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中Pb、Cd、Cr的样本超标率较大,污染明显,并且稻谷中Cd与土壤中Cd有直线关系。     

Rapid method for on-site determination of phenolic contaminants in water using a disposable biosensor

A disposable biosensor was fabricated using single-walled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and tyrosinase (SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr) modified screen-printed electrodes. The prepared biosensor was applied to the rapid determination of phenolic contaminants within 15 minutes. The SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr bionanocomposite sensing layer was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. The characterization results revealed that SWCNTs could lead to a high loading of tyrosinase (Tyr) with the large surface area and the porous morphology, while AuNPs could retain the bioactivity of Tyr and enhance the sensitivity. The detection conditions, including working potential, pH of supporting electrolyte and the amount of Tyr were optimumed. As an example, the biosensor for catechol determination displayed a linear range of 8.0 × 10^-8 to 2.0 × 10^-5 mol·L^-1 with a detection limit of 4.5 × 10^-8 mol·L^-1 (S/N = 3). This method has a rapid response time within 10 s, and shows excellent repeatability and stability. Moreover, the resulting biosensor could be disposable, low-cost, reliable and easy to carry. This kind of new Tyr biosensor provides great potential for rapid, on-site and cost-effective analysis of phenolic contaminants in environmental water samples.     

洞庭湖区地表温度反演及其时空变化特征

洞庭湖是我国第二大的淡水湖,对区域气候的调节起着极其关键的作用,然而受全球变暖及其他因素的影响,洞庭湖区范围内对气候变化的响应并不一致。为了更好地认识洞庭湖区的地表温度变化及其对全球变暖的响应情况,同时为准确的判断该区温度未来的变化趋势奠定基础,利用1995年、2004年和2013年12景冬季Landsat TM/ETM＋遥感影像的热红外波段数据反演了洞庭湖区地表温度,并对反演的地表温度值进行标准化处理,采用标准差分类法得到地表温度等级图。通过三时相温度等级图的面积统计与直观对比,分析了洞庭湖区在三峡蓄水前后的温度时空变化特征;并结合归一化植被指数（NDVI）、降雨资料、DEM、坡度等数据对洞庭湖区的温度变化影响因素进行了统计分析。结果表明,（1）洞庭湖区各温度等级面积成正态分布,主要以中温区、较高温区和较低温区为主。从空间分布上来看,低温区主要分布在水体,而高温区则没有明显的分布特征。（2）受雨雪天气影响,2004年的高温范围减少,减少情况为西洞庭湖区〉南洞庭湖区〉东洞庭湖区,面积变化比例分别是5.38%、2.12%、0.71%,表明冷气流对西洞庭湖区的温度变化影响最强,而东洞庭湖区最弱。（3）2013年高温范围增加,且变化强度呈现出西洞庭湖区〈南洞庭湖区〈东洞庭湖区的空间特征,面积变化比例分别是2.21%、2.38%、2.68%,表明在三峡水库蓄水之后,东洞庭湖区的地表温度受到较大影响。（4）植被的覆盖情况与温度相关性不明显,而坡度、海拔与温度呈正相关关系,这表明坡度可以有效的减少冷气流对温度的影响,地势较高地区与阳坡出现高温情况则表明地表温度受太阳辐射影响较大。     

Concept and application of anaerobic suspended granular sludge bed （SGSB） reactor for wastewater treatment

Bed expansion serves an important function in the design and operation of an upflow anaerobic reactor. An analysis of the flow pattern of expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactors shows that most EGSB reactors do not behave as expanded bed reactors, as is widely perceived. Rather, these reactors behave as fluidized bed reactors based on the classic chemical reactor theory. In this paper, four bed expansion modes, divided as static bed, expanded bed, suspended bed, and fluidized bed, for bioreactors are proposed. A high-rate anaerobic suspended granular sludge bed （SGSB） reactor was then developed. The SGSB reactor is an upflow anaerobic reactor, and its expansion degree can be easily controlled within a range to maintain the suspended status of the sludge bed by controlling upfiow velocity. The results of the full-scale reactor confirmed that the use of SGSB reactors is advantageous. The full-scale SGSB reactor runs stably and achieves high COD removal efficiency （about 90%） at high loading rates （average 40 kg-COD·m^-3·d^-1, maximum to 52 kg·COD·m^-3 ·d^-1） based on the SGSB theory, and its expansion degree is between 22% and 37%.     

我国新兴污染物环境风险评价与控制研究进展

目前环境化学研究热点逐渐从传统污染物转向新兴污染物,如持久性有机污染物(POPs)、环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)、药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)等.环境中痕量新兴污染物往往会造成较高的危害和风险,日益引起广泛关注.应对新兴污染物环境问题,首先要了解其环境风险,然后进行风险控制和防范.我国新兴污染物的研究正在逐渐兴起.近年来,研究人员在我国新兴污染物环境风险评价和控制方面积极开展工作,本文综述我国这方面的研究进展,以期为进一步开展其风险防范研究提供参考.     

Chemical characterization of Tan‐Sui River sediment in North Taiwan

Surface sediment samples from four downstream sites of Tan‐Sui River in Taipei metropolitan area were collected from 1997 to 1999. The semivolatile organic pollutants present in the sediments were screened by GC/MSD. Several target compounds including sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven chlorobenzenes, two phthalates and the total amount of C8‐C32 aliphatic hydrocarbons were quantified. The concentration of the 16 PAHs ranges from 0.21 to 5.69 μg/g of which fluoranthene, pyrene and phenanthrene were the highest. The concentration of the total chlorobenzenes ranged from 0.04 to 5.85 μg/g. The concentration of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate ranges from 3.8 to 35.3 μg/g and that of the total C8‐C32 aliphatic hydrocarbons ranges from 0.94 to 10.6 μg/g. Some of these values are higher than similar sediment survey in Japan in the eighties. The concentration of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate is much higher than the no‐effect level (0.184 μg/g) set by McDonald. Some of the PAHs have already reached the level of biological effects. As compared with the sediment samples collected from Tou‐Chien River and Pu‐Ze River located at the west of Taiwan, the chlorobenzene concentrations of sediments in Tan‐Sui River are 5–6 times higher, the PAHs are 6–10 times higher and the phthalates are 11–20 times higher. Nonylphenol was also commonly found in the Tan‐Sui River sediment. There is a decreasing tendency of PAHs and phthalates concentration from surface to bottom for the core sample at Taipei Bridge site. Such tendency is less obvious for chlorobenzenes.     

长江流域旱涝灾害特征研究

利用长江流域地区(1956-2007年)148个站点全年的逐日降水资料,采用Z指数作为旱涝指标,对长江流域地区旱涝的转化规律及其时空变化特征进行了探讨,结果表明:长江流域降水量具有明显的年际变化,夏季和年降水量的变化趋势一致;春季的降水周期较夏季具有明显的周期性,从研究的时段内看,春季降水周期为17 ～21年为主,夏季以10～ 15年为主周期;旱涝灾害发生的频率与降水量、暴雨出现的频数呈现正相关,旱涝空间分布上存在一定的结构性,干旱大都发生在长江上游地区(四川和云南的一部分地区)以及湖北部分地区,洪涝主要发生于长江中下游地区,特别是在湖南、安徽、湖北等地.     

“一带一路”沿线自然灾害分布特征研究

“一带一路”是促进各国经济、社会高速发展的跨时代宏伟构想,更是加强国际交流合作的重要契机。“一带一路”战略涉及范围达65个国家,其自然灾害造成的危害和经济损失是强烈和致命的。对“一带一路”所经区域的自然灾害及其分布特征的研究,显示全球范围内自然灾害呈现出逐年上升、以洪涝和地震灾害最为显著的趋势;东亚地区的地震和洪涝灾害,中亚、西亚地区的干旱灾害,中东欧地区的高温及洪涝灾害都显示出地区性的主要灾害影响特征;灾害分布特征的研究对“一带一路”所经地带的自然灾害防御具有重要意义,也对促成“一带一路”经济带的安全展开有着学术性的意义。     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

为了分离贫营养好氧反硝化菌,研究其系统发育地位和脱氮特性,以期为微污染水库水体生物修复提供依据.从水库底层沉积物中,采用改良的富集驯化方法分离好氧反硝化菌,通过N-J法进行系统发育分析以及选择培养基研究其脱氮特性.初筛分离出196株好氧反硝化菌,其中14株为高效菌株(ZHF2、ZHF3、ZHF5、ZHF6、ZHF8、ZMF2、ZMF5、ZMF6、N299、G107、81Y、SF9、SF18和SXF14).经形态学,生理生化,和16S rRNA基因序列分析,ZHF3、ZHF5、ZHF6、ZMF2、G107、81Y、SF18和SXF14为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.),ZHF2和ZHF8为新鞘脂菌属(Novosphingobium sp.),ZMF5为水杆菌属(Aquabacterium sp.),ZMF6为鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.),N299为动胶杆菌属(Zoogloea sp.),SF9为代尔夫特菌属(Delftia sp.).其中菌株G107和81Y的反硝化效果最好,72h的硝氮去除率达到98.88% 和99.44%.并以G107和81Y为代表进行一系列的脱氮实验,结果显示出良好的短程反硝化、硝化和源水脱氮能力.贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离,补充和丰富了好氧反硝化菌的种类,其高效的脱氮特性为低氮微污染水体的生物修复提供了技术支撑.     

β-环糊精包埋纳米零价铁对Cd~(2+)的去除性能研究

为提高纳米Fe0的稳定性,以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,以β-环糊精为原料对纳米Fe0进行包埋。考察了碱度、交联剂用量对聚合物交联度的影响,对比研究了30%、40%Na OH介质对包埋纳米Fe0去除Cd2+反应活性的影响。利用SEM、TGA对包埋材料的表面形态及热稳定性进行了分析。实验结果表明:40%Na OH介质中交联包埋的纳米Fe0具有更高的反应活性;当Cd2+浓度为100 mg/L时,投加包埋材料3.0 g,反应150 min,Cd2+去除率可达98.9%;于空气中放置1个月,其对Cd2+去除率仍可达90.5%。