Long-range transport potential of semivolatile organic chemicals in coupled air-water systems

Ongoing deliberations on the regulation of semivolatile organic chemicals require the assessment of chemical transport in atmospheric and marine systems. The characteristic travel distance was proposed as a measure for the transport potential in air and water. However, the existing definition treats the transport processes separately. It is shown that combined transport in coupled air-ocean systems can accelerate the overall transport into remote regions. Concentration ratios in air and water change with distance from sources depending on the initial concentration ratio and on the difference between the transport velocities. A measure is suggested facilitating the chemical screening with respect to transport potentials in such air-ocean systems. A case study for alpha and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane shows that the suggested measure qualitatively reveals the transport potentials of these chemicals and exemplifies possible concentration patterns.     

Bisexually bonded ranging in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)

Abstact While male mammals seek to maximize access to potential mates, females maximize feeding efficiency. Ranging patterns are therefore often sex specific. Sex-specific ranging patterns have also been reported for East African chimpanzees and a recent study on female ranging patterns concludes that social organization is best described by a male-bonded community model, where females occupy individual home ranges that are distributed within the boundaries of the male-defended range. In West African chimpanzees, however, such sex-specific ranging patterns have not been consistently observed and a bisexually bonded community model, where both sexes use the entire home range equally, has been suggested to best describe social organization. In this study we analyze 5 years of data on individual ranging patterns of chimpanzees in the Taï National Park (Côte dIvoire) to test specific predictions of the different models of chimpanzee social organization. We found that although males in Taï had slightly larger home ranges than females, all individual home ranges and core areas overlapped highly. Small individual home range size differences were entirely due to the use of peripheral areas and were correlated with female social dominance. These findings strongly support the bisexually bonded community model for Taï chimpanzees. Thus, we conclude that there are fundamental differences in the space-use patterns of East and West African chimpanzees and discuss possible factors leading to such differences.Communicated by D. Watts     

广东省土壤肥料技术推广体系创新的思考

总结了广东省20多年来土壤肥料技术推广工作的成绩，阐述了土壤肥料技术推广工作的特点，提出了广东省土壤肥料技术推广体系创新的思路。     

高校财务价值链管理的特征分析与内容

在价值链概念的基础上提出高校财务价值链的特征和内容．通过如何在资金筹集价值链、资金运用价值链和资金调控价值链三个环节实现价值增值，为适时地调整高校的财务战略，合理地进行财务资源配置服务．     

Ecological and hormonal correlates of antipredator behavior in adult Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi)

Predator–prey relationships provide an excellent opportunity to study coevolved adaptations. Decades of theoretical and empirical research have illuminated the various behavioral adaptations exhibited by prey animals to avoid detection and capture, and recent work has begun to characterize physiological adaptations, such as immune reactions, metabolic changes, and hormonal responses to predators or their cues. A 2-year study quantified the activity budgets and antipredator responses of adult Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) living in three different California habitats and likely experiencing different predation pressures. At one of these sites, which is visually closed and predators and escape burrows are difficult to see, animals responding to alarm calls remain alert longer and show more exaggerated responses than adults living in two populations that likely experience less intense predation pressure. They also spend more time alert and less time foraging than adults at the other two sites. A 4-year study using noninvasive fecal sampling of cortisol metabolites revealed that S. beldingi living in the closed site also have lower corticoid levels than adults at the other two sites. The lower corticoids likely reflect that predation risk at this closed site is predictable, and might allow animals to mount large acute cortisol responses, facilitating escape from predators and enhanced vigilance while also promoting glucose storage for the approaching hibernation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that local environments and perceived predation risk influence not only foraging, vigilance, and antipredator behaviors, but adrenal functioning as well, which may be especially important for obligate hibernators that face competing demands on glucose storage and mobilization.     

邯郸市冬季大气PM2.5中金属元素空间污染特征及生态风险评价

为研究邯郸市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中金属元素的污染特征,选取城区4个功能区(工业区、工业生活区、教学区和交通区)分别布设采样点位,采集2017年冬季PM_(2.5)样品。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析样品中11种金属元素(V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Co、Cu、As、Cd、Ba和Bi)的含量,对其空间污染特征进行比较,并运用主成分分析、聚类分析和绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归模型对金属元素的来源及其贡献率进行模拟计算,对Cr、Ni、Cu、As和Cd的潜在生态风险进行评估。研究结果表明,邯郸市冬季PM_(2.5)污染较为严重,4个功能区的PM_(2.5)日均值远超《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值。对金属元素含量的分析表明,教学区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素质量浓度的总和相对较低,尤其是Fe、Cr、Cd、Mn和Cu的含量均低于其他3个功能区,但是As的含量较高。富集因子计算结果显示,V、Co和Ba在邯郸市的富集系数小、污染程度低,其余金属元素尤其是As、Fe、Cd和Bi的富集系数大、污染程度高。对研究区大气PM_(2.5)金属元素的来源进行解析发现,金属元素的主要来源包括工业生产、自然源、化石燃料的燃烧及交通运输活动。其中,Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Cd和Ba主要来自工业活动,V、Co和Bi的主要来源是自然源,Ni和As主要来自化石燃料的燃烧及交通运输活动。潜在生态风险评估发现,邯郸市4个功能区金属元素的总生态风险指数均较高,尤其是As和Cd在各个功能区的潜在生态风险程度为极强,但Cr和Ni的潜在生态风险程度较低。     

行业全过程水特征污染物和优控污染物清单筛选技术研究及其在常州市纺织染整业的应用

特征污染物和优控污染物筛选技术主要针对流域和水体环境,缺乏从行业全过程角度对问题进行研究,行业层面的筛选技术仍不成熟.基于清洁生产全过程管控理念,通过资料收集、现场考察和水样检测分析,对行业全过程污染物排放特征进行分析,形成行业特征污染物清单调查和筛选技术;在将特征污染物与已有清单比对的基础上,对其暴露性、持久性、毒性进行赋分排序,采用综合评分法形成行业优控污染物清单筛选技术,并将该筛选技术方法在常州市纺织染整行业开展应用.结果表明:①通过全流程考察,结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪90%匹配度下的水样检测结果,最终得到纺织染整行业特征污染物清单中共含199种物质,其中以苯系物、脂类、烷烃和醇类为主(占比为65.3%).②纺织染整行业优控污染物清单中共含39种物质,包括13种苯系物、3种卤代烃、5种醇类、5种脂类、1种醛类、2种酮类、3种醚类、1种呋喃类、6种重金属.研究显示,运用行业特征污染物和优控污染物清单调查和筛选技术,可较为科学和有效地得到常州市纺织染整行业特征污染物清单和优控污染物清单.      

基于PMF模型的兰州耕地土壤重金属来源解析

为了分析Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni等8种重金属的污染状况、空间分布及污染来源.2019年9月共采集382个兰州耕地表层土壤样品,并测定其重金属含量.结果表明：①兰州市耕地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为20.96,0.24,0.05,6.40,8.36,48.57,101.92,34.34mg/kg,其中Hg的均值超过国家土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni的均值超过兰州市土壤背景值.内罗梅综合指数表明研究区耕地52.62%样点呈现轻度污染,37.70%样点呈现中度污染,3.66%样点呈现重度污染,无重金属污染的样点占6.02%.潜在生态风险指数表明13.09%的样点属于轻微生态风险,68.85%的样点属于中等生态风险,17.54%的样点属于强生态风险,0.52%的样点属于很强生态风险.②基于PMF模型可知8种重金属有4种主要来源,其中Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni以交通运输源为主,贡献率分别为52.4%、50.7%、56.7%和50.2%;Hg以农业活动和医疗设备源为主,贡献率为83.7%;Cr、Cu和Ni以自然源为主,贡献率分别为81.2%和61.3%和49.8%;As以工业活动源为主,贡献率为68.3%.③从空间分布来看,研究区内除Cr外,Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Ni在城关区和七里河区都有高值区出现,其中Zn和Ni的高值范围较广,可能与人为影响有关;Hg在城关区、安宁区、七里河区以外的研究区内均有高值出现.     

作物重金属铜污染的HHT边际谱特征与污染预测模型

为了解读作物受重金属污染的光谱响应与光谱特征,以不同浓度梯度硫酸铜（CuSO₄·5H₂O）胁迫土壤的盆栽玉米培养胁迫实验为研究对象,依据不同胁迫梯度下玉米叶片反射光谱以及叶片中Cu²⁺含量的测定数据,采用希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）方法,研究了玉米叶片在不同Cu²⁺胁迫梯度下光谱的Hilbert边际谱变化特征与污染程度预测方法.通过构建玉米叶片光谱的边际谱熵（MSE）,边际谱幅值（MSA）、边际谱陡坡斜率（MSSS）和边际谱包围面积（MSEA）等特征参量,分析叶片在不同Cu²⁺污染程度下的边际谱变化;同时基于边际谱特征参量值与叶片中Cu²⁺含量的相关性分析和逐步回归统计,提出了玉米叶片重金属污染的Cu²⁺含量预测指数模型.实验结果表明,不同Cu²⁺胁迫梯度下,玉米叶片光谱的边际谱为分布在100Hz频率以内的连续谱;MSE值表现出与叶片中Cu²⁺含量呈负相关的变化趋势,而MSA、MSSS和MSEA值都表现出与叶片中Cu²⁺含量呈正相关的变化趋势;由于MSEA值与叶片中Cu²⁺含量的相关性最好,可把MSEA作为监测作物重金属污染衡量或预测的最优指标;根据MSE、MSA、MSSS和MSEA值构建的Cu²⁺含量预计指数模型应用结果比较,证明MSEA指数模型具有最优的预测能力.     

基于生态安全问题的生态保护红线管控方案

通过回顾生态保护红线的发展历程,结合官方最新发布的"生态保护红线划定技术指南",基于生态安全问题视角构建了区域生态保护红线管控技术方案.其要点包括：相关重要概念的界定须强调人类活动干扰的负面效应,以增强采用制度约束人类行为的合理性;重视资源环境及经济社会背景的地域差异性,并采用多尺度研究手段获取全面、系统的信息;以辨识、诊断生态安全问题类型、性质、特征为前提确立区域生态保护红线防范对象、管控目标,进而划分区域生态保护红线管控类型、划定其空间位置与范围;并在总结区域防控生态安全问题历史经验与教训、广泛吸纳社会意见的基础上,针对危害生态保护红线的生态安全问题提出科学可行、切实有效的应对方案.