实施精细化管理 促进排污费征收

论述了在国家排污费征收新条例实施后,淮安市在加强排污费征收的精细化管理方面所做的有益探索性方面的工作。     

双起电方式静电电荷衰减测试仪

在分析了静电电荷衰减测试原理的基础上,提出了以AT89C51单片机为核心组成测试系统,来实现测试自动化的设计方案,设计了具体的硬件结构,重点阐述了测试仪的高压源,信号调理电路,A／D转换电路等的实现,并采用C51进行软件编程。该测试仪工作可靠,具有良好的测量精度和灵敏度,实现测试自动化的同时,很好地提高了测试的准确性。     

煤矿超深孔大药量爆破震动安全性研究

为控制煤矿井下超深孔大药量爆破震动对巷道及支护结构造成危害,通过现场爆破震动监测分析,获得了煤矿井下综采遇硬岩超深孔大药量松动爆破地震波的衰减规律.采用HHT方法对震动信号进行分解,研究信号的频谱特性和能量分布.结果表明,超深孔松动爆破震动的持续时间为150 ms左右,震动速度三方向分量中测点与爆源连线的径向分量最大,能量主要集中在100 Hz以内的低频区,随频率分布可分成若干个“子频带”,峰值出现在频率17.75 Hz,存在爆破震动对支护结构和工作面造成危害的可能.根据衰减规律,反算出该场地超深孔爆破的单段最大药量;分析了爆破时出现巷帮岩石崩落和飞石的原因,提出施工时应控制单段最大药量和加强爆破炮孔周围防护,保证了施工安全.     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges(i.e. 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and 0.2 μm) for a purple soil(Entisol) and a yellow soil(Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction.We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles( 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles( 0.2 μm). Vermiculite,illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy.Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

煤体电荷感应信号评价冲击危险性试验研究

为完善冲击地压矿井的冲击危险性评价方法,提高冲击危险性预测的准确率,应用自主研制的煤岩电荷监测系统,选择典型冲击地压矿井的煤样,开展了煤体单轴压缩冲击危险性测试与电荷感应监测试验研究。基于冲击地压扰动响应失稳理论,将应变软化阶段产生的电荷信号变化作为预测冲击地压发生的前兆信息,得到了煤体冲击危险性指标的临界软化系数Kρ、临界应力系数Kp及其冲击危险的等级分类标准,分析了煤体电荷感应信号的电荷事件数CSJ和电荷事件的平均幅值CFZ参量与冲击危险性指标Kρ和Kp之间的量化关系。结果表明:煤样破裂应力峰后,冲击倾向性K与电荷事件数CSJ呈指数递减关系,与CFZ呈指数递增关系;随着Kρ或Kp的增大,煤样应力峰后CSJ呈幂函数关系递增,应力峰后电荷平均幅值CFZ呈一次函数关系递减,以此可预测煤体的冲击危险程度,最后得到了河南某矿煤层冲击危险性的应力峰后冲击危险等级的CSJ和CFZ判据与划分标准。煤体冲击危险性电荷感应信号评价方法为冲击地压矿井冲击危险性评价提供了一种新的方向,对现场煤层冲击危险性评价具有指导作用,但也还需要开展大量现场试验对其进行不断修正和完善。     

Surface characteristics of shales and implication on metal sorption

Differences in surface characteristics between alkaline and acidic shales are demonstrated in the present study. The alkaline shales are characterized by convex surface titration profiles, while the acidic shale exhibits a concave titration profile. Analysis of surface functional groups reveal that carboxylic acids predominate in alkaline shales and the acidic shale is characterized by C=S, C=N (pyridine derivative) and urea (C=O) functional groups, while it lacks –COOH group. The close proximity between pH and point of zero charge for the most acidic and alkaline shales indicate that surface complexation may not play a dominant role in sorption when the system pH is controlled by these sediments.     

中国排污收费标准体系的改革设计

排污收费标准是中国排污收费制度的核心。设计一个与市场经济相适应的新的排污收费标准,是改革中国排污收费制度的重要前提条件。本文在分析现行的排污收费标准基础上,提出了满足不同政策需求的若干种排污收费标准方案,并进行了多方案比较。作者建议,为确保国家污染物排放总量控制目标的实现,应尽快试点和推行污染物总量收费标准。      

轴向单缝偏心药柱爆破效应模型试验研究

为了探究轴向单缝偏心药柱在掏槽爆破中爆炸应力波传播规律和裂纹扩展情况,采用水泥砂浆模型试块开展模型爆破试验,采用超动态应变测试系统对爆炸应力场进行测量。结果表明:在相同爆心距下,背对切缝侧A测点仅为正对切缝侧B测点峰值应力的73.82%;一定角度范围内,峰值应力随偏转角度的增大而减小,偏转角度为0°时峰值应力最大,偏转角度为60°处峰值应力是偏转角度为30°处的74.39%,峰值应力在0°到60°范围内最大衰减达到32.74%;正对切缝方向产生一条贯通炮孔的主裂纹,裂纹发育优于其他方向,且切缝方向没有明显的细小裂纹,这表明轴向单缝偏心药柱具有良好的定向断裂能力。     

壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土对重金属离子的吸附

采用浸渍法将壳聚糖负载在凹凸棒土上,制备了改性的凹凸棒土。用该吸附剂吸附溶液中Pb^2＋,Cd^2＋的实验结果表明：未负载壳聚糖时,凹凸棒土对Cd^2＋的吸附率为55%;当负载壳聚糖的质量分数为0.04时,凹凸棒土对Cd^2＋的吸附率达最大值（为91%）,对Pb2＋的吸附率也达最大值（为75%）。其吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和Freundlich等温吸附方程。该吸附剂可重复使用。     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.