Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

GO-TiO2改性中空纤维膜的制备条件及抗污染性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)与纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)为改性剂,采用界面聚合法与抽滤吸附结合,对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜(简称原膜)进行表面改性,得到新型纳米改性膜(简称GO-TiO_2改性膜).研究改性膜的制备工艺条件及其对腐殖酸(HA)的吸附截留性能与抗污染特性.结果表明:(1)最佳制备工艺条件为:钛酸丁酯2 m L、GO 1 mg、间苯二胺1%(质量分数)、间苯二胺浸泡时间8 min、均苯三甲酰氯0.2%(质量分数)、均苯三甲酰氯浸泡时间10 min;(2)亲水性提高显著,亲水性表面为GO-聚酰胺-TiO_2复合结构,改性膜接触角由80.6°±1.8°下降到38.6°±1.2°;(3)抗污染性能提高明显.改性膜通量总衰减率由改性前的51.2%下降到35.6%,过滤周期约为原膜的2.5倍;反冲洗后膜通量恢复率由69%提高到96%.     

活化铁锰结核的除氟性能研究

通过批实验研究接触反应时间、温度、共存阴离子对除氟效果的影响.结果表明,接触反应时间为48 h时,吸附都将近平衡.温度越高,越有利于氟离子的吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模式都可以较好地描述氟离子的吸附特性.热力学分析发现活化铁锰结核对氟的吸附为自发的吸热反应.当其他阴离子存在时,会对吸附造成不利影响.柱实验结果表明,活化铁锰结核动态除氟效果很好,性能稳定,机械强度高,易洗脱再生,且洗脱再生后饱和吸附量明显增大.出水中铁、锰含量不超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准.用Thomas模型分析,得到的平均饱和吸附量可达1.340 mg/g.X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表明,经FeCl3活化的铁锰结核表面附着大量铁的氧化物或氢氧化物.这些铁的氢氧化物或氧化物对水中氟离子的去除起重要作用.     

环境外部不经济性内部化手段的评价与筛选

分析环境外部不经济性产生的根本原因,提出环境外部不经济性内在化手段的评价指标,并据此对国内外常环境外部不经济性内化手段作系统评价,评价结果表明,排污收费制度是当前最合理的环境外部不经济性内的在化手段。     

Fenton氧化法修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

传统的Fenton氧化法（Fe2＋/H2O2）因反应速度过快、需要定期补充Fe2＋、控制pH值≤3等方面的限制而影响到石油烃类污染土壤的修复效果.本文综述了近年来Fenton反应中氧化剂、催化剂的改进及其对土壤中石油污染物的去除效率,揭示了土壤性质、反应条件、污染物结构及非均相催化剂比表面积等因素对去除效率的影响,介绍了超声波前置处理后,Fenton试剂与土壤上解吸的石油污染物接触几率的增加及石油烃类可生物降解性的提高,促进了微生物的后续处理效果,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

KMnO4修饰面包酵母菌对Cd2+的吸附研究

研究了用KMnO4修饰面包酵母菌对溶液中Cd2+的吸附作用,探讨了不同KMnO4浓度、pH、吸附时间、Cd2+初始浓度、修饰酵母菌用量等5个因素对KMnO4修饰面包酵母菌吸附Cd2+的影响.结果表明,随着修饰剂KMnO4浓度的增大,修饰面包酵母菌的吸附能力增强,KMnO4浓度达到20 mmol·L-1时,吸附能力是相同...     

铁改性赤泥吸附剂的制备及其除砷性能研究

以氧化铝生产废渣--赤泥为原料,采用铁盐改性处理制备了新型羟基铁包覆型赤泥除砷吸附剂.研究考察了吸附剂吸附砷效能、投加量、吸附时间和pH值对吸附除砷效果的影响;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、比表面积(BET)等仪器对吸附剂进行了表征,并探讨了吸附机制.结果表明,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂对As(V)具有显著吸附效能,在pH为7,初始砷浓度为1 mg·L-1,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂饱和吸附容量为50.6mg·g-1时,除砷率高达99.9%,吸附后出水砷含量可达到0.01 mg·L-1以下,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式;溶液pH值显著影响砷去除效果,吸附机制主要为羟基铁的表面吸附机制;吸附后的吸附剂可通过NaOH溶液再生,脱附率达到92.1%.     

螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性的研究

以垃圾焚烧飞灰的高附加值资源化和稳定化为目标,研究了螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性活化和对重金属的稳定螯合效果.通过活化指数和红外光谱分析,在改性剂用量7.0mL/100g飞灰、改性时间15min和改性温度75℃的条件下,ACS1改性飞灰的活化指数可达95%以上.美国环保局固体废弃物浸出毒性试验表明,螯合型表面活性剂对飞灰中重金属具有较强的束缚能力.     

低温条件下絮体破碎再絮凝去除水中颗粒的研究

为了了解低温条件下絮体的形成/破碎/再絮凝过程在适当条件下对絮凝去除水中颗粒物的强化效果,采用PDA2000透光率脉动检测仪对絮凝破碎再絮凝过程进行了在线监测.研究结果表明,当电中和机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量小于0.1 mmol·L-1),絮体破碎后能重新絮凝,絮体大小能恢复到破碎之前;而当网捕卷扫机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量大于0.2 mmol·L-1),絮体的恢复情况不如电中和条件,再絮凝能力降低.投加适量的腐殖酸会增加絮体破碎前后的分形维数,但过量的腐殖酸则会降低破碎前后絮体的分形维数.絮体破碎再絮凝后其分形维数比破碎前高.腐殖酸的投加量并不会明显影响絮凝和破碎后再絮凝的FI指数.电中和絮体破碎前初始絮凝时间越长破碎后沉后水浊度越低,破碎后其浊度会比破碎前显著减小.较低投量的铝盐就能使得沉后水浊度降到很低,因此可以降低混凝剂投量而达到更好的水处理效果.