Synthesis of Common Management Concerns Associated with Dam Removal

Managers make decisions regarding if and how to remove dams in spite of uncertainty surrounding physical and ecological responses, and stakeholders often raise concerns about certain negative effects, regardless of whether these concerns are warranted at a particular site. We used a dam‐removal science database supplemented with other information sources to explore seven frequently raised concerns, herein Common Management Concerns (CMCs). We investigate the occurrence of these concerns and the contributing biophysical controls. The CMCs addressed are the following: degree and rate of reservoir sediment erosion, excessive channel incision upstream of reservoirs, downstream sediment aggradation, elevated downstream turbidity, drawdown impacts on local water infrastructure, colonization of reservoir sediments by nonnative plants, and expansion of invasive fish. Biophysical controls emerged for some of the concerns, providing managers with information to assess whether a given concern is likely to occur at a site. To fully assess CMC risk, managers should concurrently evaluate site conditions and identify the ecosystem or human uses that will be negatively affected if the biophysical phenomenon producing the CMC occurs. We show how many CMCs have one or more controls in common, facilitating the identification of multiple risks at a site, and demonstrate why CMC risks should be considered in the context of other factors such as natural watershed variability and disturbance history.     

Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina,USA

Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consistent with the proposition that reservoirs have induced demographic shifts in communities adjacent to newly created lakeshores similar to the shifts associated with environmental gentrification and amenity migration, and may now be associated with perpetuating those shifts. These findings raise concerns about environmental justice and social sustainability that should be considered when planning and building infrastructure that creates environmental amenities. Where reservoirs are being planned, social costs, including the costs of demographic shifts associated with environmental gentrification or amenity migration, and disproportionate regulatory burdens, should be mitigated through innovative policy if possible.     

干湿循环作用对堆石长期变形影响的试验研究

堆石体存在流变,不仅与荷载有关,而且与日晒雨淋引起的干湿循环有关。通过室内试验模拟日晒雨淋引起的干湿循环作用,研究其对堆石体长期变形的影响。试验结果表明,荷载作用流变很快趋于稳定,测得的流变量也相对较小;偏应力状态干湿循环作用引起的长期变形非常明显,其变形占后期变形总量的50%~70%,且后期变形的衰减远小于荷载单独作用引起的流变,这对于坝体的安全和稳定的影响是不容忽视的。根据试验研究揭示的变形规律,本文建立了相应的计算干湿循环变形的数值模型,可用于有限元计算。     

水文生态学研究进展及应用前景

水文生态学是一门研究水文学和生态学交叉领域的新兴学科,目的是寻求对水文因子与生态系统间结构与功能的理解,是水资源可持续性管理的方法。自1992年在都柏林的国际水环境研讨会提出以来,水文生态学很快成为国外的研究热点问题之一,并已经取得了长足的发展。现在,淡水资源在世界上很多地区不仅是发展的限制因素,也是某些社会存在的限制因素。当前,中国水环境问题十分严峻,大坝的建设与河流生态系统保护间的矛盾日益突出;西部生态环境脆弱,水资源贫乏,土地荒漠化十分严重,解决这些问题对中国的经济和社会发展具有重要意义,需要有对水文生态学机制的深入了解。从水文生态学的定义、研究进展、展望等方面,系统地论述了目前水文生态学的研究进展,并结合中国实际情况,重点强调了河流水文生态学的进展和在中国大坝建设中的作用与意义。     

某高尾矿坝设计期渗流与稳定分析

针对某上游式高尾矿坝,采用经验类推方法概化了尾矿坝沉积地层分布。根据经验及相关勘察报告估计了尾矿坝不同分区渗透系数,采用二维及三维有限元方法计算了尾矿坝在汛期和正常运行期不同干滩长度条件下渗流场分布,分别对堆积坝分段变坡及初期坝外甩尾碎石所形成的大型反压平台对渗流场及抗滑稳定的影响做了评估,给出了尾矿坝在不同工况下的渗透稳定性评估结果及抗滑稳定安全系数,为尾矿坝设计提供了依据。     

尾矿坝的失事

尾矿坝失事不仅使尾矿流失,严重时还会破坏下游地区的生态环境,造成巨大的生命财产损失.首先介绍分析了尾矿坝失事与坝型的关系以及溃坝原因和几率的关系.列举了许多国内外重大的溃坝事故和溃坝所造成的损失,分析了溃坝原因.通过国内外的实例说明,希望引起大家对尾矿坝安全工作的重视.     

关于加强非煤矿山安全监管工作的研究与思考(一)

用大量详实的统计数据全面介绍了我国非煤矿山安全生产的现状,在此基础上,从政府监管、企业管理、社会中介服务3个层面系统分析了我国非煤矿山安全生产工作中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了对策措施.     

上泉拱坝稳定分析及加固设计

上泉水库坝体为浆砌石连拱坝,现被定为病险水库,通过对拱坝结构强度、支墩抗滑稳定的计算分析,采用右坝肩基础、支墩防渗处理、坝体加固处理等措施进行除险加固,并对大坝稳定进行了验算。     

黄土高原淤地坝土壤性质剖面变化规律及其功能探讨

为分析淤地坝土壤性质的剖面变化规律及其在非点源污染工程治理方面的可能性,采用经典统计学方法研究了黄土高原典型淤地坝土壤性质在5.20 m剖面上的变化规律,并探讨了淤地坝作为碳储存库以及养分富集库的独特功能.结果表明,①坝前土壤剖面容重、砂粒含量低于坝尾,而土壤含水率、有机碳、粘粒、粉粒、速效磷、硝态氮以及铵态氮均大于坝尾;容重随剖面的变异情况为弱变异性,其余指标为中等变异性;除坝前砂粒含量和坝尾土壤含水率外,其余指标均呈正态分布;②坝前和坝尾剖面土壤含水率随土层深度的增加均呈锯齿型变化趋势,在剖面上的分布表现为波动型;土壤有机碳、速效磷、铵态氮随剖面的变化规律与土壤水分的趋势相同;③除坝尾容重与硝态氮、铵态氮及速效磷与铵态氮的相关性未达到显著水平外,土壤含水率、有机碳、容重、粘粒、粉粒、砂粒、速效磷、硝态氮以及铵态氮之间的相关性均达到了显著水平(p＜0.05),并且坝前与坝尾剖面土壤各个性质之间所表现的正相关性或负相关性是一致的;④淤地坝作为黄土高原的一个重要碳储存库,坝前有机碳储量高于坝尾,且坝前在400～520 cm储量最高,坝尾在0～100 cm储量最高;⑤淤地坝对速效养分具有富集效应,坝前储量大于坝尾,且2个剖面上的储量大小顺序均为:铵态氮＞速效磷＞硝态氮;淤地坝对铵态氮、硝态氮的富集系数分别为1.132和1.956;⑥淤地坝作为土壤养分的富集库,对区域碳平衡以及小流域非点源污染工程措施有效治理具有重要的理论意义,对黄土高原坝系建设及其生态功能的深入认识具有一定的参考价值.     

基于可变模糊集理论的溃坝后果综合评价

我国大坝数量多,一旦溃坝,将给下游人民生命和财产安全带来不可估量的损害,及时恰当地将大坝风险管理纳入实际应用显得极为迫切。大坝风险后果综合评价作为大坝风险管理中不可或缺的一环,评价过程涉及众多相关性及不确定性因子,主要包括生命损失、经济损失、社会影响和环境影响4个方面。以可变模糊集理论为基础,构建溃坝后果综合评价的评价指标体系及评价等级标准,结合层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,建立了基于可变模糊集理论的溃坝后果综合评价模型,并将该模型应用于江西省5座水库溃坝后果综合评价。结果表明,基于可变模糊集理论建立的综合评价模型所得评价结果全面合理,能够较完善地反映大坝的风险后果,具有操作步骤简单、计算过程严密等特点,实用性良好。