仪器法与化学法测定防毒面具滤毒罐苯蒸气防护时间研究*

为研究仪器法和化学法对滤毒罐苯防护时间结果的一致性以及对防护时间判定的影响因素,参照强制性国家标准《呼吸防护 自吸过滤式防毒面具》（GB 2890—2009）,通过选择不同的实验条件,测试4种不同滤毒罐对苯的防护时间,并对实验结果进行显著性差异检验和分析。结果表明:仪器法测定的防护时间小于化学法测定的防护时间;2种检测方法所测定的防护时间结果有显著性差异;测试浓度越高、气流流量越大、采样流量越大,2种方法测定防护时间的绝对差值越小。从防毒面具的安全性和与国外标准一致性考虑,建议采用仪器法判定防护时间。     

复合型水雾抑尘剂作用机理与优选方法研究*

为有效提高水雾综合除尘性能,基于水雾捕尘过程及抑尘作用机理,从复合抑尘剂润湿、吸湿、黏结作用组分出发,讨论不同性质粉尘与抑尘剂各组分间匹配协同关系,进而研究复合型水雾抑尘剂优选方法。结果表明:湿润组分优选疏水端含有碳碳双键、醚基或链间存在氢键的表面活性剂;通过改变疏水基链长、不饱和度和支链数等方法,使湿润组分亲水、亲油性与粉尘相匹配。吸湿组分优选体心立方晶胞结构、溶解度相对较小的无机盐或混合配方无机盐,或者含极性强、能形成氢键的基团且空间结构复杂的有机吸湿剂。黏结组分优选溶液黏度高、交联网状、结构复杂的高分子聚合物。在上述组分优选的基础上,通过抑尘剂复配性能实验合理确定各组分的最优配比。     

上海市PM2.5的物理化学特征及其生物活性研究

采集了上海市区和郊区春季和夏季的大气PM_2.5样品,分析了市区和郊区春夏2季PM_2.5质量浓度变化的规律,使用PIXE(Proton Induced X-ray Emission)分析技术获得S、K、Ca、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Sr、Pb等15种元素的质量浓度.结果表明,上海PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度在春季　(5?038.6 ng·m^-3) 比在夏季 (3?810.6 ng·m^-3) 高,春季郊区(2?528.9 ng·m^-3) 和市区(2?509.7 ng·m^-3) PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度相当,夏季市区样品 (1?674.2 ng·m^-3) 中化学元素质量浓度的总量比郊区(2?136.3 ng·m^-3) 的低,但来自人为污染的化学元素 (Cr、Mn、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Sr、Pb) 在市区PM_2.5中的含量较高;场发射扫描电镜 (FESEM) 分析显示,上海PM_2.5主要由烟尘集合体、燃煤飞灰、矿物颗粒、生物质颗粒和不明物质组成,质粒DNA评价揭示上海市区PM_2.5比郊区的具有更强的生物活性,主要原因可能在于市区样品中含有较高的重金属元素和较多的烟尘集合体．     

企业化学事故应急救援预案编制

通过阐述危险化学品应急预案编制要素及主要内容,突出危险化学品应急预案编制的专业性.     

化工突发事故的环境保护对策

从"吉林11·13事故"分析化工突发事故的危害特点、事故污染环境的原因,提出抢险救援中保护环境的对策.     

基于极化SAR的河流有机物污染监测研究

选择我国南方水质变化梯度较为明显的典型河流为对象,分析基于C波段极化合成孔径雷达(极化SAR)的河流水污染监测评估技术.引入了随机粗糙面电磁散射理论对污染水域的散射特性进行了建模,研究了水体污染可能对散射模型及参数的影响,分析了同步得到的极化SAR数据与水体常用污染指标的监测数据.通过比较19个采样点的后向散射系数与同步监测的水质指标,发现化学需氧量(COD)与HH和VV通道的后向散射系数比成正相关性,这与由电磁理论建立的散射模型及水体污染对散射模型参数影响的分析相符.利用最小二乘法,拟合得到了利用HH与VV通道后向散射系数比来反演化学需氧量的公式,拟合结果的相关系数达到0.90.本研究建立了利用极化SAR的HH与VV通道后向散射系数比监测水体有机物污染的模型,该模型主要通过分析同步监测数据获得,基于电磁散射理论的分析支持了该模型的有效性.     

氧化程度不同的土壤对芘的吸附作用

将北京东灵山和云南曲靖采集的山地土壤样品分别用芬顿试剂和次氯酸钠梯度氧化后,进行芘的批量吸附实验.用O/C极性指数和TOC覆盖指数并辅助电镜扫描图对吸附系数进行拟合和解释.次氯酸钠氧化后云南土壤的O/C指数在高平衡浓度下(c=0.1c<,s>,c=0.5c<,s>)与lgK<,OC>显著相关,R<'2>达到0.752 ...     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

The pollution release and transfer register system in the U.S. and Japan: an analysis of productivity

This study analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which includes all categories of productivity. Our measure investigates productivity in the context of the provision and dissemination of environmental information policies. We investigated data on the emission of toxic chemical substances for the U.S. and Japanese manufacturing firms, including 386 firms for the period 1999-2007 and 466 firms for the period 2001-2008. The results show that productivity improved in all nine industrial sectors and that pollution levels were high in the U.S. and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, the electronics industry improved rapidly after 2002 in both countries, which may be attributed to the enforcement of RoHS and the REACH directive in Europe. As a result of these stringent policies on toxic chemical emissions, the U.S. and Japanese firms, many of which export to the European market, have strong incentives to reduce their toxic chemical emissions.     

西安市近地层空气离子与环境因子的关系研究

2009年8月至2010年7月在西安市16个采样点上开展了近地层空气离子浓度和温度、相对湿度、风速及可吸入颗粒物(PM10)等环境因子的观测,研究了西安市空气离子时空分布的基本特征,并利用空气离子浓度值对西安市的空气质量进行了评价.另外,详细分析了近地层空气负离子浓度与温度、相对湿度和PM10等主要环境因子之间的相互关...