化学工业园的系统动力学仿真与调控

化学工业园属行业类工业园,入区企业主要为生产和销售化学工业品的化工企业,其排放的化学品污染物极易造成水环境和大气环境质量的恶化,为避免环境风险事故,必须对化学工业园的发展过程进行模拟和控制.以泰兴经济开发区为研究对象,在其现阶段发展基础上,根据该园区的实际情况,采用系统动力学(System Dynamics)模拟不同情景下的远期发展目标.基础仿真结果表明,泰兴经济开发区的环境现状不容乐观,尤其是大气环境污染几乎达到环境容量极限.情景分析表明,该开发园区必须将产业发展速度控制在18%,同时降低工业能耗,提高脱硫效率至90%以上,污水处理厂规模日处理量达4.9×104 t,才能保证其持续、稳定、健康的发展.      

基于GIS的危险化学气体泄漏事故应急响应研究

为了研究危险化学气体泄漏事故扩散过程以及受灾人员疏散规划问题。提出以GIS为“连接器”,将危险化学气体的泄漏和扩散过程模拟、气体扩散风险分析和最优疏散方案生成3个过程进行集成,实现泄漏事故的综合应急响应。研究结果显示:方法能针对各类泄漏事故模拟气体的动态扩散过程,并生成受灾人员疏散规划方案,有助于应急处置机构及时决策,进而减少生命财产的损失。     

化工园区安全监控系统研究

化工园区内重大危险源数量多、密度大,存在着发生重特大事故的现实性和可能性。因此,亟需建立化工园区安全监控系统对化工园区内的固定危险源、危险工艺过程、危化品车辆和公共区域重要部位进行动态监控和安全监管,预防和消除事故风险,并为化工园区安全监控与事故应急提供技术支持。提出了化工园区安全监控系统系统硬件架构,介绍了化工园区安全参数设置方法、安全监控流程和事故预警机制,提出了系统软件的总体架构和功能。     

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

微生物絮凝剂MBF TS-1的表征

对筛选的一株絮凝剂产生菌Bacillus TS-1所产絮凝剂MBF TS-1采用UV- vis吸收光谱、FT-IR光谱、糖类颜色反应、动物急性毒性实验等进行了化学组成分析、表征和理化性质检测.结果证实,该絮凝剂为安全无毒、分子量为105-106的弱酸性多糖类物质,属环境友好型微生物絮凝剂.     

Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production

Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two separate experiments. Ground feathers without any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, respectively and incubated at 25 °C in batch mode. Compared to the control without feather addition, total CH₄ production increased by 130% (P < 0.001) and 110% (P = 0.09) in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. Mixed liquor NH₄N concentration increased (P < 0.001) from 4.8 and 3.1 g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 and 3.5 g/L at the end of digestion in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. The fraction of proteolytic microorganisms increased (P < 0.001) during the digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to 13.0% in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather addition, respectively, but decreased in the controls. These results are reflective of feather digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH₄ yields of the swine manure digesters (P = 0.082) and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P = 0.21), indicating that feathers can be digested together with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge without negatively affecting the digestion of swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge.     

内河非溶解性危险化学品泄漏扩散过程影响因素

针对内河中非挥发性危险化学品（危化品）运输船舶的泄漏扩散问题,建立了一种通用数值模拟方法,研究了内河非溶解性危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响因素。结果表明：危化品的密度和黏度对内河危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响相对较小,而水流速率和危化品泄漏速率对危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响较大;水流速率对危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响主要表现在泄漏扩散范围（尤其是泄漏区域长度）方面,而危化品泄漏速率的影响主要表现在泄漏区域宽度、微团数量以及最大微团面积方面。建议应针对丰水期危化品大泄漏量的情况展开监管,并将其作为内河危化品泄漏应急工作的重点。     

新诺明废水生化处理中的泡沫控制

为了有效的减少新诺明废水在生化处理中产生的泡沫,研究了生物泡沫及化学泡沫控制措施.实验结果表明:将进水方式由多点喷淋进水改成单点中部进水,按m(C):m(P)=100:1投加磷肥、控制MLSS为2500～3000 mg/L、连续投加NaClO溶液5d,使泡沫体积由原来的95 mL减少到39 mL,生物泡沫得到了有效控制;采用厌氧工艺,当厌氧污泥MLSS为30000 mg/L、厌氧停留时间为6d时,泡沫体积从110mL减少到43 mL,化学泡沫得到有效控制.     

厌氧氨氧化膨胀污泥床反应器的化学计量学特性

采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀污泥床(ESB)反应器,研究了模拟废水中基质氨和亚硝酸盐对厌氧氨氧化工艺化学计量学的影响.结果表明,当分别只提高1种反应物的浓度时,反应器均表现出对富余基质具有额外吸纳的能力,致使其对富余基质的绝对去除量和相对去除量均增多.从厌氧氨氧化的反应模型和化学平衡的原理出发,可解释厌氧氨氧化工艺化学计量学的特性.根据化学计量学特性,可按需选取相应的进水基质比例,以实现不同的目的.     

工业废水污染治理途径与技术研究发展需求

根据工业废水的特点,构建科学合理的废水处理模式,不断完善和发展废水处理技术及水质安全评价与管理技术是水环境污染防治领域的重要课题. 在分析工业废水特点和阐述废水污染治理基本策略与途径的基础上,重点介绍了工业废水处理特性评价、工艺优选方法、水质安全管理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了废水污染治理思路和技术的发展方向. 指出工业废水污染治理应实现以下5个方面的转变和发展,即处理模式从不同种类废水混合收集集中处理向分类收集分别处理优先转变;研究开发从重视废水处理单一技术研发向同时重视废水处理技术集成与处理工艺优化方法研究转变;水质有机污染评价从重视综合浓度指标向同时关注和重视“有机物特征指标”转变;废水排放控制指标从重视常规指标向同时关注和重视水质安全和综合生物毒性指标转变;工艺设计理念从“处理工艺”向“生产工艺”转变.