皖南丘陵地区小流域氮素径流输出的动态变化

以亚热带北部皖南丘陵地区小流域定位实地观测为基础 ,研究了农林共存小流域氮素径流输出规律。发现小流域氮素径流输出季节性变化明显。降雨和施肥是影响这一变化的重要因子 ,模拟分析表明 ,它们与氮素输出之间具有很好的线性相关关系     

Jasmonic acid treatment and mammalian herbivory differentially affect chemical defenses and growth of wild mustard (Brassica kaber)

Summary. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a wound-related hormone found in most plants that, when applied exogenously, can induce increases in levels of chemical defenses in patterns similar to those induced by mechanical damage or insect feeding. Relative to responses to insect and pathogen attack, chemical responses of herbaceous plants to mammalian herbivore attack have been little studied. In a field experiment, we compared the effects of JA treatment and naturally occurring mammalian herbivory on the expression of trypsin inhibitors, glucosinolates, peroxidase activity and growth of wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Exogenous JA significantly increased trypsin inhibitor activity and glucosinolate concentration, and moderately increased peroxidase activity in the eighth true leaves of five-week-old plants, relative to untreated controls. In contrast, levels of these chemical defenses in the eighth true leaves or in regrowth foliage of plants that had ∼80% of their leaf area removed by groundhogs (Marmota monax) did not differ from that in undamaged and untreated controls. Although exogenous JA significantly elevated levels of chemical defenses, it did not affect height of plants through the season and only slightly reduced time to first flower. Groundhog herbivory significantly reduced height and delayed or abolished flowering, but these effects were not substantial unless coupled with apical meristem removal. We hypothesize that the lack of effect of groundhog herbivory on chemical defenses may be due in part to the speed and pattern of leaf area removal by groundhogs, or physiological constraints caused by leaf area loss. Despite having no effect on chemical defense production, leaf area loss by groundhogs was more costly to growth and fitness than the effects of JA application in this study, but only substantially so if coupled with apical meristem removal. We suggest that in general, costs of defense production in plants are likely to be minimal when compared to the risk of losing large amounts of leaf area or primary meristematic tissue. Thus, if they are effective at deterring herbivory, the benefits of inducible defense production likely outweigh the costs in most cases. Received 20 December 2000; accepted 3 May 2001     

Lignoid chemical defenses in the freshwater macrophyte Saururus cernuus

Summary. Chemical defense against herbivores has rarely been investigated for freshwater plants, possibly due to the common misconception that herbivory on aquatic macrophytes is low and would not select for chemical defenses. In previous work, the freshwater angiosperm Saururus cernuus was shown to be a low preference food for omnivorous crayfish despite its high nutrient value and relatively soft texture. We used feeding by the crayfish Procambarus clarkii to guide fractionation of the deterrent lipid-soluble extract of this plant, leading to the identification of seven deterrent lignoid metabolites, (–)-licarin A, (+)-saucernetin, (–)-dihydroguaiaretic acid, (–)-sauriols A and B, (–)-saucerneol, and (–)-saucerneol methyl ether. Lignans have been implicated in terrestrial plant chemical defenses as insect growth inhibitors, insect toxins, nematocides, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. However, these activities have rarely been demonstrated using ecologically relevant methodologies in terrestrial systems, and never before in freshwater systems. The widespread nature of lignans amongst very distantly related plants, along with their rich diversity of molecular structure, suggests that they could play a large role in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. In addition to the lignoid compounds we identified, there were other compounds present in low concentration or unstable compounds that were deterrent, that did not appear to be lignans, but that we were unable to identify. This plant thus appears to be defended by a complex mixture of natural products. Received 6 June 2000; revised 23 August 2000; accepted 2 September 2000     

兰州地区大气污染的化学组成及来源解析

为探究大气污染的特征,于2020年5月—2021年4月在中国西北部的兰州市区采集了总悬浮颗粒物样品227个,利用离子色谱仪、热/光碳分析仪对主要水溶性离子、元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的质量浓度进行了测定.结果显示,兰州地区大气总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度均值为(376.7±974.8)μg·m^-3,高于国家环境空气质量二级标准(NAAQS),呈昼低夜高的变化特征主要是由于兰州地区夜间大气多处于静稳状态导致的污染物累积效应.水溶性阴、阳离子按质量浓度排序为NO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-、Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中二次离子(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺     

过硫酸盐去除石灰土介质中汽油BTEX的效果及乙醇的影响

为了认识岩溶区石灰土含水介质中化学氧化联合生物降解去除燃油苯系物的效果,以汽油中的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)作为污染物,通过批实验研究过硫酸盐(PS)联合硝酸盐去除汽油BTEX的效果,并认识不同浓度乙醇(EtOH)存在时带来的影响及化学氧化与反硝化联合修复的可能性.结果表明,在35 d内各组的BTEX去除率均达到91.00%以上,PS化学氧化能有效地去除BTEX.在不含EtOH及含EtOH初始浓度为500和5000 mg·L^-1的情况下,BTEX浓度在第65 d时分别为未检出、0.226 mg·L^-1、0.243 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为99.98%、99.00%、98.70%,其中,苯的去除率分别为99.98%、97.01%、93.32%.随着EtOH浓度的增加,苯的去除受到抑制,EtOH对BTEX的化学氧化具有阻碍作用.石灰土介质中高铁含量对PS具有活化能力,高含量有机质能促进PS分解,并导致pH值回升,出现反硝化作用和硫酸盐还原作用,有利于生物降解作用的恢复.     

HACH氨氮水质自动监测分析仪进口试剂国产化配方研究

分析HACH氨氮自动监测分析仪所用进口试剂配方中氧化剂、显色剂、催化剂、掩蔽剂、缓冲液的组分、试剂用量、反应机理、吸收光谱、酸碱度、发色时间和温度、显色产物的稳定性、灵敏度、干扰及消除,以及存放条件的差异,自行研发国产配方,并将该国产配方试剂与进口试剂做试验比对,结果 2种试剂的效能无显著差异。     

精细化工固定源废气采样时机的选择探讨

以某医药企业某产品生产过程为实例,综合各工段生产步骤、时间、废气产生情况及估算的污染物浓度等因素,绘制各污染因子排放规律图,从而确定各污染因子排放浓度(排放量)最大的1 h为最佳采样时机。     

上海青浦地区大气降水的化学特征

利用上海青浦地区2003—2014年观测的大气降水监测资料,分析该区域12 a以来大气降水的酸化程度、化学组成特征,探讨降水中化学成分的不同来源及相对贡献。结果表明:降水pH年均值为4.43~6.33,酸雨频率为2.6%~86.8%,降水酸化程度大致经历了明显恶化和波动变化2个阶段。降水电导率年均值为1.77~4.01 m S/m,呈下降趋势。降水中各离子雨量加权平均当量浓度顺序为SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Ca~(2+)NO_3~-Cl~-Na~+Mg~(2+)F-K~+,SO_4~(2-)、NH+4、Ca~(2+)和NO_3~-是降水中的主要离子,占离子总量的83.0%;降水类型由硫酸型向硫酸和硝酸混合型转变。降水离子中的二次组分SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+绝大部分来源于人为源,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和K+主要来自于土壤源和人为源的贡献,Cl~-主要来自海洋源,同时人为源的影响也不可忽视。     

淮南市降水化学组成特征与来源分析

2013—2014年,逐次采集淮南城市大气降水样品,对其离子化学组分进行分析测试,并利用酸度分析、中和因子和富集系数等方法对其酸碱物质平衡和离子来源进行了分析。化学组分分析结果表明,淮南城市降水pH为6.23~7.03,雨量加权平均值为6.68,整体上降水没有呈现酸化,大部分酸性物质能被碱性物质中和。主要阴离子为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-,雨量加权平均值分别为147.02、62.16μeq/L,两者分别占阴离子总浓度的60.3%、25.3%;主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+,雨量加权平均值分别为126.42、96.43μeq/L,分别占阳离子总浓度的44.9%、34.3%。利用富集系数法计算结果表明,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-主要来源于人为活动排放,Cl~-主要为海洋输入,而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+则主要来自陆源输入和人为活动。     

水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法海水氨氮快速检测方法研究

对水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法测量海水氨氮化学分析条件进行了研究。通过正交实验对水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法试剂配比进行优化,并确定了最佳试剂配比。同时,用水杨酸钠-次氯酸钠法和靛酚蓝法测量24个海水水样,测量结果无显著差异。在反应温度为35℃,反应时间为10 min时,用改进后的方法分别测量60、120μg/L的氨氮标准溶液,相对标准偏差分别为4.0%、2.8%,回收率分别为99.8%、100.8%。该方法试剂无毒、环保,操作简单、快速,可满足营养盐自动分析仪现场快速测量的要求,提高仪器的环境友好性。