NaClO_2/氨水溶液同时脱除SO_2和NO的热力学研究

利用化学热力学基本原理分别对NaClO2/氨水溶液同时脱除SO2、NO的反应过程中摩尔反应吉布斯自由能变、摩尔反应焓变、化学反应平衡常数以及化学反应达到平衡时的SO2和NO的分压力进行了计算,结果表明：利用NaClO2/氨水溶液同时脱除SO2、NO是可行的,且SO2和NO的脱除效率几乎可以达到100%。     

基于污泥堆肥产物与余泥渣土制备的人工土壤的理化性质分析与评价

为实现污水厂污泥及余泥渣土的协同处理和资源化利用,以“两步法”制备人工土壤,考察不同配比条件对人工土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：污水污泥与3种不同辅料 (玉米秸秆、菌菇渣、木屑) 配比后进行好氧堆肥,堆肥结束后腐熟度符合国家相关标准要求,将污泥堆肥产物和余泥渣土制备得到人工土壤,其理化性质与天然土壤类似。堆肥添加量能显著影响人工土壤水稳性团聚体、pH值、EC、有机质、总氮及有效磷含量,在人工土壤种植应用时,污泥+玉米秸秆的堆肥种植效果最好,采用改进的内罗梅综合指数法进行综合评价,综合考虑,污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为30%、余泥渣土添加量为70%和污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为50%、余泥渣土添加量为50%是最优质的人工土壤,污泥+木屑堆肥次之,污泥+菌菇渣堆肥效果最差。     

四氯化碳的生产与应用及其淘汰策略

四氯化碳是一种消耗臭氧层物质,其生产和消费都面临着严峻的淘汰形势.简要叙述了四氯化碳的生产技术,以四氯化碳为原料生产大宗化学品和精细化学品的转化技术,四氯化碳作为化工助剂在我国的应用情况以及相应的淘汰方法和技术进展.     

铝件表面处理废水治理所得化学污泥的再生利用研究

对混凝法处理铝件表面处理废水治理所得化学污泥再生利用进行了研究,得到了适宜的操作条件.结果表明,用浓硫酸溶解污泥的最佳用量为0.14～0.16 mL/g湿污泥,湿污泥的溶解率可达90%,铝的溶出率也可达95%以上.把污泥的溶解液作混凝剂回用于印染废水的混凝处理也取得了良好的效果,其COD去除率≥80%,脱色率≥90%.实现了资源的二次利用,改善了作业环境,获得了较好的经济效益和社会效益.     

林可霉素制药废水的臭氧氧化处理

考察了臭氧氧化对林可霉素的效价削减效果。在初始抗生素浓度为100 mg·L⁻¹时,林可霉素效价削减50%所需消耗的臭氧量为0.118 mg·mg⁻¹抗生素,降解过程符合一级降解动力学特征。进一步采用林可霉素实际废水考察了污水化学需氧量(COD)和pH对抗生素臭氧氧化处理的影响,发现废水的COD每增加100 mg·L⁻¹,则单位抗生素实现50%削减需要增加的臭氧量约为1.64 mg。碱性条件下,臭氧可催化分解生成羟基自由基等活性基团而加速林可霉素的降解。同时,臭氧氧化后林可霉素生产废水的厌氧可生化性提高了98.51%。研究结果可以为林可霉素生产废水的处理技术选择提供参考。     

γAl2O3负载金属氧化物热催化分解沙林毒剂模拟剂

为了考察负载型金属氧化物催化剂对毒剂的热催化分解性能,以γ-Al2O3为载体,金属氧化物(Mn、Ni、Fe、Co、Cu和Ce)为活性组分,采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型金属氧化物催化剂,对沙林毒剂模拟剂——甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)进行了热催化分解评价实验,分别研究了不同反应温度、空速条件下热催化分解性能的变化规律。结果表明,在几种负载型金属氧化物催化剂中,CuO/γ-Al2O3表现出了最佳的防护性能。通过调控CuO负载量(1%~20%),发现5% CuO/γ-Al2O3具有较高的分散度和比表面积,热催化分解性能最好。磷物种的沉积造成催化剂比表面积的降低和晶体结构的破坏,是催化剂活性下降的主要原因。     

无机-有机及物理-化学复合调理对厌氧消化污泥脱水性能的影响

厌氧消化是常用的污泥稳定化处理方法,但污泥经厌氧消化处理后脱水性能恶化。分别用无机-有机复合调理剂和物理-化学复合调理剂对厌氧消化污泥进行调理,考察不同调理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚合硫酸铁（PFS）和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果有限,最优条件下污泥比阻（SRF）分别下降了66.3%、89.2%和67.1%;PAC-PAM复合调理和PFS-PAM复合调理对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果较单种调理剂好,最优条件下SRF分别下降了98.2%和97.6%;稻壳、木屑和草木灰与PAM复合调理对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果较单种调理剂好,最优条件下SRF分别下降了97.3%、97.3%和97.7%。     

Cyanide Removal by Chinese Vegetation. Quantification of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (6 pp)

Background Little is known about metabolism rates of environmental chemicals by vegetation. A good model compound to study the variation of rates among plant species is cyanide. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters, the half-saturation constant (Km) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax), is very useful for enzyme characterization and biochemical purposes. The goal of this study is to find the enzyme kinetics (KM and vmax) during cyanide metabolism in the presence of Chinese vegetation, to provide quantitative data for engineered phytoremediation, and to investigate the variation of metabolic rates of plants. Methods Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from 12 species out of 9 families were kept in glass vessels with 100 mL of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23°C for 28 h. Four different treatment concentrations of cyanide were used, ranging from 0.44 to 7.69 mg CN/L. The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Realistic values of the half-saturation constant (KM) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax) were estimated by a computer program using non-linear regression treatments. As a comparison, Lineweaver-Burk plots were also used to estimate the kinetic parameters. Results and Discussion The values obtained for KM and vmax varied with plant species. Using non-linear regression treatments, values of vmax and KM were found in a range between 6.68 and 21.91 mg CN/kg/h and 0.90 to 3.15 mg CN/L, respectively. The highest vmax was by Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica). The lowest vmax was demonstrated by the hybrid willow (Salix matssudana x alba). However, the highest KM was found in the water lily (Nymphea teragona), followed by the poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh). The lowest KM was demonstrated by corn (Zea mays L.). The values of vmax were normally distributed with a mean of 13 mg CN/kg/h. Conclusions Significant removal of cyanide from aqueous solution was observed in the presence of plant materials without phytotoxicity, even at high doses of cyanide. This gives rise to the conclusion that the Chinese plant species used in this study are all able to efficiently metabolize cyanide, although with different maximum metabolic capacities. A second conclusion is that the variation of metabolism rates between species is small. All these plants had a similar KM, indicating the same enzyme is active in all plants. Recommendations and Outlook Detoxification of cyanide with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. For phytoremediation projects, screening appropriate plant species adapted to local conditions should be seriously considered. More chemicals should be investigated to find common principles of the metabolism of environmental chemicals by plants.     

基于化工园区整体风险量分析的安全规划研究

通过对园区安全容量和危险量的分析,得到园区整体的风险评估值;提出并定义园区危安比最大临界点,用其反映园区的最大可接受风险量;运用"二八法则",确定危安比上限;当危安比在3种不同值域区间下,对应的园区安全规划的重点不同;从园区整个生命周期考虑,提出包含各个阶段的园区安全规划主要内容。     

丹江口水库水质空间异质性多指标监测综合分析技术及效果

为深入分析丹江口水库水质时空差异性,探索影响水质的重要因子,提供更具综合性的水质分析方法,基于5个不同观察点,监测水质理化指标和浮游细菌(真菌)群落多样性指标,并采用判别分析法、配对T检验法、直接相关和典型相关分析法进行分析。结果表明：丹江口库区5个观察点的水质在2016年和2017年分别属于良好状态和优秀或良好状态,但是判别分析法显示水质理化指标在5个观察点上整体存在显著差异;浮游细菌(真菌)群落多样性指标在5个观察点上整体存在显著差异; 5个观察点水质理化性质在2 a的2个时期上均无显著性差异,即水质营养状态无显著变化,但两者之间存在显著相关性;对丹江口库区的水质理化指标群与浮游细菌(或真菌)群落多样性指标群按照2个不同时期分别进行典型相关分析,发现水质理化指标的变化趋势与浮游细菌群落多样性指标变化趋势一致;依据所有水质理化指标和浮游真菌(或细菌)群落多样性指标进行综合判别分析,可对不同观察点进一步精细分类;通过典型相关分析发现浮游真菌(或细菌)群落多样性指标可以间接指示或反映水质变化的特点;环境因子（水质理化指标）中重要指标包括X₃(COD)、X₅(NH₃-N)、 X₇(Chl-a)和X₈(SD);浮游细菌群落多样性重要指标包括Y₁(序列条带)、Y₂(OTU数)、Y₃(Ace指数)和Y₄(Chao1指数);浮游真菌群落多样性重要指标包括Y₁(序列条带)、Y₂(OTU数)和Y₃(Ace指数) 。本研究采用的多指标综合分析技术较单指标逐一分析更能全面客观地反映水质变化全貌,可为完善和丰富水质环境监测数据综合分析技术手段提供一定的参考。本研究结果可为相关管理部门监测和改善南水北调中线水源区水质并制定政策提供基础数据和参考依据。