Decomposition kinetics of dimethyl methylphospate(chemical agent simulant) by supercritical water oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation （SCWO） has been drawing much attention due to effectively destroy a large variety of high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical. An important design consideration in the development of supercritical water oxidation is the information of decomposition rate. In this paper, the decomposition rate of dimethyl methylphosphonate（DMMP）, which is similar to the nerve agent VX and GB（Sarin） in its structure, was investigated under SCWO conditions. The experiments were performed in an isothermal tubular reactor with a H2O2 as an oxidant. The reaction temperatures were ranged from 398 to 633℃ at a fixed pressure of 24 MPa. The conversion of DMMP was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon （TOC） on the liquid effluent samples. It is found that the oxidative decomposition of DMMP proceeded rapidly and a high TOC decomposition up to 99.99% was obtained within 11 s at 555℃. On the basis of data derived from experiments, a global kinetic equation for the decomposition of DMMP was developed. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data.     

城市污泥中铜锌的化学形态及其去除

利用连续提取法研究了城市污泥中铜和锌的化学形态,结果表明:污泥中铜和锌都以稳定性较好的硫化物及有机结合物、残渣态形式存在,生物毒性较小,通过适当处理后可以安全加以利用;在此基础上,研究了利用乙酸和双氧水去除污泥中铜和锌的适宜工艺条件,结果表明:在室温条件下,在pH值为4的环境中,利用添加H_2O_2的浓度为2mol/L的乙酸溶液,反应时间为4h,就可以将污泥中超过95%以上的铜和锌淋滤去除。     

云爆剂贮存化学稳定性的研究

对以硝酸异丙酯为主体的云爆剂进行了3年的贮存试验和高、低温加速试验;检测了云爆剂中的硝酸异丙酯的纯度、水分含量、酸值和表观密度,用红外光光谱法分析了硝酸异丙酯的结构;研究了云爆剂的性能变化规律.试验检测结果表明:常温下云爆剂有较好的化学稳定性;高温下云爆剂的颜色变深、酸值升高;云爆剂与密封油脂和丁腈橡胶的相容性较差.     

西安地区大气降水化学组成特征与物源分析

于2007年1月至2008年1月间,系统采集西安市区及咸阳郊区大气降水样品70个,对其主成分进行了分析,以期获得大气降水组成特征及其物质来源信息。研究结果显示,Ca2+是最主要的阳离子,分别占西安和咸阳降水中阳离子总量的77.4%和79.6%,其次是Na+。SO42-是最主要的阴离子,分别占西安和咸阳降水中阴离子总量的83.2%和81.4%,NO3-次之。两地降水中各组分含量年内变化趋势具同步性,均显示冬季远高于夏季的特征,且西安降水中各组分含量均高于咸阳。说明两地降水化学组成具同源性,咸阳大气污染物主要来自西安大气污染物的扩散。海相贡献比例计算结果显示,两地降水中SO42-和Ca2+海相输入比例很小,SO42-主要来自工业生产释放的SO2,而雨水中高浓度的Ca2+和Mg2+则是由于酸性物质对大气颗粒物的强化溶解造成。西安和咸阳雨水SO42-/NO3-值分别为12.89和11.11,属于燃煤型大气污染。     

污水处理厂化学除磷精确控制系统研究——以山东某污水处理厂为例

我国总磷排放标准日趋严格,污水处理厂为保证出水总磷达标,过量投加化学除磷剂,造成资源浪费.为在出水水质达标的基础上节省化学除磷剂添加量,以山东某污水处理厂为例设计了化学除磷精确控制系统.在充分考虑仪器故障潜在风险的前提下,根据进水磷酸盐负荷实时调整药剂投加量,采用"前馈+反馈"控制的模式,实现加药过程的自动化及智能化....     

Safety evaluation of different acids in high-density polyethylene container loading

To reduce costs, high-purity chemical suppliers wash and reuse HDPE containers collected from users. To determine the lifetime of a container, the appearance of that container and the manufacturer's recommendations for its lifetime are generally considered. Guidelines for determining the lifetime of an HDPE container have not been clearly defined. The lack of these specifications may result in the leakage of high-purity chemicals in the storage, transportation and use of HDPE containers. To understand the effects of using high-purity chemicals (sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃)) on HDPE, this study revealed its effects by mechanical and thermal performance tests. According to the mechanical properties test results, the ductility and tensile strength of HDPE soaked H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ decreased. HDPE immersed in HNO₃ exhibited the lowest thermal stability by thermal performance testing. In summary, the degradation of HDPE is affected by storage conditions. For this study, HDPE only needs 60 days of immersion in HNO_3, and its ductility and tensile strength will decline obviously. This study shows that when these containers are used for long-term storage of high purity chemicals, the mechanical properties (including ductility, ductility, and tensile strength) of HDPE containers tend to decrease. To decrease accidental leakage of chemicals due to aging of HDPE, comprehensive and approved regulations should be established for the loading, transport, and storage of HDPE containers.     

环境温度对化学防护服气密性能影响研究

为研究不同温度条件对化学防护服（CPC）气密性的影响,以3种不同材质（聚乙烯、丙烯、氯化丁基橡胶）的化学防护服为研究对象,利用气密性测试仪和环境实验舱,在10~66 ℃温度条件下处理2 h后,分析环境温度对3种化学防护服样品气密性能影响。研究结果表明:不同环境工况处理后化学防护服气密性能在10~25 ℃段上升,在25~50 ℃段下降;聚乙烯材质化学防护服失效温度为66 ℃,其他2种材质的服装失效温度为50 ℃。研究可为防护装备环境适应性测试评价提供技术支撑。     

Case study on the catastrophic explosion of a chemical plant for production of m-phenylenediamine

On March 21, in Xiangshui County, Yancheng city, China, a catastrophic explosion occurred at Tianjiayi Chemical Co., Ltd. that caused 78 deaths and injured more than 617 individuals, with a property loss of as much as US$ 100 million. An explosion crater with a diameter of 98 m was generated. An extensive consequence analysis based on the crater size and physical effects for the estimation of the quantity of exploded dinitrobenzene (DNB) was performed. By using the position recorded in the satellite photo and the layout of the plant, the crater site was determined to be located near a warehouse where dinitrobenzene was stored. From the scaling law associating the TNT equivalent with crater diameter, the TNT equivalent of exploded ditrobenzene was determined to be approximately 708 tons. Based on the results of the consequence analysis performed by three methodologies, it can be concluded that the Tianjiayi Chemical Co. warehouse not only stored a substantially large quantity of dinitrobenzene but was also located too close to adjacent structures without an adequate separation distance. Judging by the effect of explosive blast on personnel, a fatality radius was determined to be about 400 m from the explosion center.     

Hazard analysis on LPG fireball of road tanker BLEVE based on CFD simulation

In order to research the hydrocarbon fireball characteristic of LPG tanker Boiled Liquid Evaporate Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) under different conditions, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the hydrocarbon fireballs from the LPG tanker BLEVE accidents were carried out. Several new different factors, such as the mass of fuel, inlet velocity and airflow velocity, were considered to analyze the influence on the evolution of the characteristics of the fireball and the development of the LPG tanker BLEVE accidents. Results indicate that the fireball with a greater mass of fuel radiates more heat but slower. The large longitudinal diameter of the fireball and high radiation heat flux are observed in case of a faster inlet velocity used for the same mass. The airflow was found to shorten the initial phase of the fireball effectively. Some suggestions were proposed to prevent the LPG BLEVE accidents. Analysis performed show that various parameters like fireball diameter, radiative heat flux and lifting speed of fireball can be predicted well using FDS code.     

危化品泄漏围堵材料理化性能及燃烧行为研究

针对易燃液体泄漏围堵问题,开发了1种可快速发泡的酚醛泡沫材料,对其表观密度、耐水性、耐酸性、耐碱性、氧指数、燃烧行为及产烟成分进行系统研究。研究结果表明:发泡材料在中性和酸性液体环境中表现出良好的耐受性;在碱性环境中稳定性降低,由于共轭效应,导致分子中的H+遇碱性环境发生中和反应;发泡材料的氧指数和锥形量热测试参数（热释放速率、总热释放量及总生烟量等）表明该材料具有良好的耐火性;发泡原料中的含硫交联剂是其燃烧产烟生成较高浓度SO2的主要原因。