Occurrence of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in the Korean water system: implication to water intake exposure

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) measured in surface running waters indicated the existence of different emission sources in eight main city basins. The tap water reflected the contamination pattern and levels in their corresponding source water basins. The daily intakes through tap water consumption ranged from <0.01 to 0.73 ng kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and <0.01 to 0.08 ng kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Tap water intake-derived exposure accounted for 8.6%-101% (for PFOA) and while <10% (for PFOS) of total daily exposure, which was estimated from Korean serum concentrations using a pharmacokinetic model. Our findings indicate that tap water intake could be an important contributor to PFOA exposure in Korean populations; accordingly, additional efforts are necessary to improve the removal efficiency of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water purification process. However, more fundamentally the aim would be to reduce the discharge of PFCs from potential sources within the basin.     

Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China

This study investigated the occurrence of 43 emerging contaminants including 9 endocrine-disrupting chemicals and 34 pharmaceuticals in three sites in Hebei Province, north China. Each site has a wastewater irrigated plot and a separate groundwater irrigated plot for comparison purpose. The results showed that the concentrations of the target compounds in the wastewater irrigated soils were in most cases higher than those in the groundwater irrigated soils. Among the 43 target compounds, nine compounds bisphenol-A, triclocarban, triclosan, 4-nonylphenol, salicylic acid, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, trimethoprim and primidone were detected at least once in the soils. Preliminary environmental risk assessment showed that triclocarban might pose high risks to terrestrial organisms while the other detected compounds posed minimal risks. Irrigation with wastewater could lead to presence or accumulation of some emerging contaminants to some extent in irrigated soils.     

Oxidation of bisphenol F (BPF) by manganese dioxide

Bisphenol F (BPF), an environmental estrogen, is used as a monomer in plastic industry and its environmental fate and decontamination are emerging concern. This study focused on the kinetics, influencing factors and pathways of its oxidation by MnO₂. At pH 5.5, about 90% of BPF was oxidized in 20 min in a solution containing 100 μM MnO₂ and 4.4 μM BPF. The reaction was pH-dependent, following an order of pH 4.5 > pH 5.5 > pH 8.6 > pH 7.5 > pH 6.5 > pH 9.6. Humic acids inhibited the reaction at low (≤pH 5.5) and high pH (≥pH 8.6) at high concentrations. In addition, metal ions and anions also suppressed the reaction, following the order Mn²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ and HPO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ ≈ SO₄²⁻, respectively. A total of 5 products were identified, from which a tentative pathway was proposed.     

Evaluation of a novel high throughput screening tool for relative emissions of industrial chemicals used in chemical products

Tens of thousands of chemicals are currently marketed worldwide, but only a small number of these compounds has been measured in effluents or the environment to date. The need for screening methodologies to select candidates for environmental monitoring is therefore significant. To meet this need, the Swedish Chemicals Agency developed the Exposure Index (EI), a model for ranking emissions to a number of environmental matrices based on chemical quantity used and use pattern. Here we evaluate the EI. Data on measured concentrations of organic chemicals in sewage treatment plants, one of the recipients considered in the EI model, were compiled from the literature, and the correlation between predicted emission levels and observed concentrations was assessed by linear regression analysis. The adequacy of the parameters employed in the EI was further explored by calibration of the model to measured concentrations. The EI was found to be of limited use for ranking contaminant levels in STPs; the r² values for the regressions between predicted and observed values ranged from 0.02 (p = 0.243) to 0.14 (p = 0.007) depending on the dataset. The calibrated version of the model produced only slightly better predictions although it was fitted to the experimental data. However, the model is a valuable first step in developing a high throughput screening tool for organic contaminants, and there is potential for improving the EI algorithm.     

多种危险化学品混合物料配伍方法

论文选取多种废弃危险化学品,按照不同物质的相容性,进行了分组配伍实验。为保证燃烧的稳定性和混合化学物质焚烧所需热值,选择了三种辅助安全基料一并添加混合后,对危险化学品配伍后的物料进行了发热量、全水分含量、全硫含量测定和重金属（Cr）的测定,最终得出多种危险化学品混合焚烧的可行性结论。     

管理毒理学在化学品管理中的应用

对联合国GHS和欧盟REACH化学品管理制度做了介绍,简述了管理毒理学在化学品管理中的应用以及化学品健康和环境危险评定的一般程序,希望能引起国内相关工作者的重视,进一步加深对GHS和REACH的全面认识.     

危险化学品生产储存装置安全防护距离确定方法研究

通过对国内外安全及卫生等相关距离确定方法研究,结合我国实际情况,对危险化学品生产储存装置与周边重要区域安全防护距离制定方法的基本原则、计算程序以及主要内容等进行阐述,提出了危险化学品生产储存装置与周边重要区域安全防护距离的确定方法。该方法以危险化学品事故后果分析为基础,综合考虑企业安全防护措施影响,运用个人风险允许值和社会风险允许值来确定危险化学品生产储存装置与周边重要区域安全防护距离。应用示例表明,该方法评价的风险更加符合实际情况,具有更好的科学性。该项研究成果对确定我国危险化学品企业安全防护距离、制定危险化学品生产储存装置安全防护距离标准具有重要参考价值。     

危化品企业安全信用及信用制度的探讨

通过对"信用"与"信用制度"内涵的探讨,给出危化品企业安全信用概念、危化品企业安全信用及信用制度的内涵;指出危化品企业安全信用制度建设应包括企业内部安全信用制度建设和企业外部安全信用制度建设,其中企业外部安全信用制度建设包括社会公众和政府部门两部分;提出危化品企业安全信用方面存在的问题,并对建设危化品企业安全信用制度的可能性与必要性进行分析。笔者认为,危化品企业安全信用及信用制度的建设对危化品企业投资、融资具有现实的意义,同时促进了政府对企业的监管。     

GHS化学品危险性分类及其公示要素(下)

概述了全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）的产生背景、推行GHS的重要意义,介绍了GHS关于化学品危险性分类和公示要素的主要内容,评估了我国现行化学品危险性分类与GHS分类的差异点,并对我国全面实施GHS提出了若干对策建议。     

合成有机化学品的超临界水氧化

研究了超临界水氧化系统中合成有机化学品 ,如酚、间苯三酚、对叔丁基酚、间甲酚、3 ,5-二甲酚、苯胺、硝基苯、叔丁醇、三氯乙醛等的氧化作用。在实验条件下 ,上述化学品均能显著降解。酚和苯胺的去除随氧化剂过氧化氢加入量增加而增加。较优的K值 (实验中加入的H2 O2 量与按反应方程化学计量的量的比值 )对酚和苯胺分别为 1 .5和 1 .1。实验结果显示 ,当系统的压力为 3 0MPa ,温度为 4 50℃ ,停留时间为 1 90s,K =2 .0 (对酚 )和系统压力为 2 5MPa,温度为 50 0℃ ,停留时间为 3 0s,K =1 .2 (对苯胺 ) ,氧化效率都接近 1 0 0 %。含酚废水处理结果表明温度、压力、停留时间 3种因素中 ,温度是主要影响因素