Toward sustainable use of natural resources: Nexus between resource rents,affluence, energy intensity and carbon emissions in developing and transition economies

Sustainable use of natural resources would entail ensuring that derived economic benefits today do not undermine the welfare of generations to come. On this basis, this study examines the nexus between natural resource rents and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions disaggregated into production and consumption-based (i.e., trade-adjusted) CO₂ emissions for a selected panel of 45 developing and transition economies over the period 1995–2017. The empirical model also incorporates the impacts of population, affluence, and energy intensity. The results show that affluence increases production-based CO₂ emissions by 1.407%, with the EKC's predicted inverted U-shaped curve only explaining consumption-based CO₂ emissions. Economic reliance on natural resource rents and energy intensification contribute 0.022% and 0.766%, respectively, to CO₂ emissions embedded in territorial production inventories and 0.035% and 0.583%, respectively, to CO₂ emissions embedded in consumption inventories. The bootstrap non-causality test shows that historical data on each variable has significant predictive power for future CO₂ emissions from both sources. The historical information about natural resource rents has significant predictive power over the future levels of affluence and energy intensity. Clearly, the results show that the environmental impact of natural resource rents is stronger when CO₂ emissions are adjusted for trade and varies among the countries, with Bangladesh, Guinea, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe among the most affected countries. Overall, this study provides motivation for policies to keep the use of natural resources within sustainable limits.     

水资源约束力的内涵、研究意义及战略框架

针对世界和我国快速城市化进程中水资源对社会经济发展制约作用不断加强的态势,首次较为系统地提出了水资源约束力的概念,并在阐述其基本内涵和研究意义的基础上,就水资源约束力研究的战略框架进行了初步探讨。研究认为:水资源约束力研究是我国和世界21世纪水安全研究的重要内容之一;在水资源承载力、水资源压力研究的基础上,进一步研究水资源约束力,可以完整地揭示水资源系统与社会经济系统之间的相互作用和关系,对水资源科学的发展具有重要的理论和现实意义;当前应尽快建立并完善水资源约束力研究的理论体系,加强水资源约束力的基本理论、量化方法和实证研究,重点加强区域水资源约束力的产生、影响因素、影响机制、变化规律、调控途径等的研究,并不断拓展研究领域,加强水资源约束力与水资源科学其它领域的集成研究。     

煤矿井下气候参数和劳动强度对矿工生理参数影响的研究

对机械化采煤工作面的采煤机司机和支柱工的劳动心率和能量代谢进行了现场实测。就气候参数和劳动强度对作业人员的生理参数影响进行了模拟实验,取得一些实验研究成果。对改善劳动条件和作业环境,提高生产效率,保护井下矿工的身心健康与安全,提供了科学依据。     

Determination of turbulent burning velocities of dust air mixtures with the open tube method

Correlating turbulent burning velocity to turbulence intensity and basic flame parameters-like laminar burning velocity for dust air mixtures is not only a scientific challenge but also of practical importance for the modelling of dust flame propagation in industrial facilities and choice of adequate safety strategy. The open tube method has been implemented to measure laminar and turbulent burning velocities at laboratory scale for turbulence intensities in the range of a few m/s. Special care has been given to the experimental technique so that a direct access to the desired parameters was possible minimising interpretation difficulties. In particular, the flame is propagating freely, the flame velocity is directly accessible by visualisation and the turbulence intensity is measured at the flame front during flame propagation with special aerodynamic probes. In the present paper, those achievements are briefly recalled. In addition, a complete set of experiments for diametrically opposed dusts, starch and aluminium, has been performed and is presented hereafter. The experimental data, measured for potato dust air mixtures seem to be in accordance with the Bray Gülder model in the range of 1.5 m/s<u′<3.5 m/s. For a further confirmation, the measurement range has been extended to lower levels of turbulence of u′<1.5 m/s. This could be achieved by changing the mode of preparation of the dust air mixture. In former tests, the particles have been injected into the tube from a pressurised dust reservoir; for the lower turbulence range, the particles have been inserted into the tube from above by means of a sieve–riddler system, and the turbulence generated from the pressurised gas reservoir as before. For higher levels of turbulence, aluminium air mixtures have been investigated using the particle injection mode with pressurised dust reservoir. Due to high burning rates much higher flame speeds than for potato dusts of up to 23 m/s have been obtained.     

水体汞光还原研究进展

汞的光还原是影响水生系统汞迁移转化的重要过程.光还原产生的溶解性气态汞会通过水气界面向大气挥发.该过程可以减轻水体汞负荷,降低汞被甲基化的风险,对全球汞循环具有重要意义.水生系统中汞的光还原过程十分复杂,影响因素较多,是汞环境地球化学行为研究的重点和热点.目前科学家在这方面已做了大量研究,但许多结论与建议还存在争议,对其还原机制也还不清楚.本文总结了近年来水体汞光还原过程的研究进展;分析了水生系统中影响汞光还原过程的主要因素;评述了水汞光还原研究存在的问题;提出了水体汞光还原的研究焦点与方向.     

反静电场处理厌氧污泥的影响因素分析

在电场和电解副效应的共同作用下，选定0．5mA、1．0mA、1．5mA和1．95mA四种电流强度作为不同的运行条件，处理时间24h，分别测定反应开始和结束时厌氧污泥上清液COD、NH4^＋-N和VSS，其变化率随电流强度呈抛物线型变化。用反静电处理厌氧污泥时，电场对污泥参数的影响存在着最佳的工作电流强度，在本试验条件下，反静电处理厌氧污泥的最佳工作电流强度为1．5mA。反静电场可提高微生物的活性，使COD与NH4^＋-N得到一定程度的降解，同时，污泥的性质影响反静电场处理污泥的效果。     

上海市碳排放强度的影响因素解析

采用对数均值迪氏分解（LMDI）法对1995—2008年上海市碳排放强度进行分解分析. 结果表明,产业部门能源强度的下降是上海市碳排放强度下降的主要原因,贡献率为67.6%. 进一步分析显示,上海市能源强度的下降主要来源于第二产业,但由于传统的工业节能改造的潜力有限,近年来工业能源强度下降的速度逐渐放缓,其对碳强度减排的贡献趋于减少. 能源结构和产业结构的调整是碳排放强度下降的次要原因,贡献率分别为18.2%和14.2%. 但是能源结构和产业结构仍然存在较大的调整空间,这2个因素有望对碳排放强度的下降作出持久的贡献.      

动态水流条件下河流底泥污染物(CODCr)释放研究

为了研究不同水深、流速等水动力条件对底泥中污染物释放强度的影响,以苏州河底泥为例,通过水槽试验,分析了动态水流条件下河流底泥中污染物释放及其对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,CODCr释放率随时间的增大而增大,但CODCr释放强度随时间的增大而减小.底泥中污染物释放率与水深和流速有关,在相同水深的条件下,底泥的释放率随着流速的增加而增大;在相同流速的条件下,底泥的释放率随着水深的增大而减小.在水深10cm、流速0.10m.s-1的动态水流条件下,底泥向上覆水体释放CODCr的释放强度与时间的关系为:C=1.06C0e-0.06t.     

对一株海洋发光细菌保存方法的探究

从乌贼体表及内脏中提取一株海洋发光细菌,进行分离、纯化。通过四种不同保存方法对该株发光菌进行保存,测定了发光菌在存活期内的相对发光强度,探讨了最佳保存方法,比较发现:低温甘油法可在短期内替代条件苛刻的冷冻干燥法,可保存至少一年,沙土管保存法发光菌复苏效果差,不适宜保存发光菌,常温石蜡保存在实验室条件下可短期保存半年。     

长株潭地区人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的长株潭地区各类人为源氨排放的活动水平数据和排放系数,建立了长株潭地区2013年人为源氨排放清单,并根据空间特征数据进行了3 km×3km的空间网格分配.结果表明,长株潭地区2013年人为源氨排放总量为7.27×10~4t,排放强度为2.59 t·km~(-2);其中,畜禽养殖业和农田生态系统为最主要的氨排放源,氨排放分担率分别达58.60%和29.73%;畜禽养殖业中,肉牛、蛋鸡和肉猪是主要贡献源,分别占畜禽养殖业氨排放总量的26.26%、21.40%和18.43%;宁乡县、湘潭县和浏阳市为氨排放量较大的县市,分别占长株潭地区氨排放总量的17.49%、12.82%和12.02%;石峰区和岳塘区的氨排放强度最大,分别达到了9.14 t·km~(-2)和5.01 t·km~(-2).空间分布特征显示排放量较大的网格主要是大型点源.