Inter- and Intra-Annual Chemical Variability During the ice-Free Season in Lakes with Different Flushing Rates and Acid Deposition Histories

Quantifying chemical variability in different lake types is important for the assessment of both chemical and biological responses to environmental change. For monitoring programs that emphasize a large number of lakes at the expense of frequent samples, high variability may influence how representative single samples are of the average conditions of individual lakes. Intensive temporal data from long-term research sites provide a unique opportunity to assess chemical variability in lakes with different characteristics. We compared the intra- and inter-annual variability of four acidification related variables (Gran alkalinity, pH, sulphate concentration, and total base cation concentration) in four lakes with different flushing rates and acid deposition histories. Variability was highest in lakes with high flushing rates and was not influenced by historic acid deposition in our study lakes. This has implications for the amount of effort required in monitoring programs. Lakes with high flushing rates will require more frequent sampling intervals than lakes with low flushing rates. Consideration of specific lake types should be included in the design of monitoring programs.     

我国大气污染化学研究进展

本文综述了我国大气污染化学研究的概况。阐明了大气颗粒物（气溶胶）的表征研究，包括颗粒物的物理化学特性和环境化学行为；大气污染物的迁移、转化和归宿的规律，包括化学过程和大气化学模式的研究等。介绍了某些大气污染物的特殊分析测试方法和采样技术，对今后发展大气化学的展望和战略作了讨论。     

废物利用发展油田助剂

油田开发需要大量的化学助剂,由于昂贵的价格影响了成本。为减少耗资,吉林油田利用化工产品的下脚料和煤矸石等研制并合成了油田的化学助剂,例如增产剂、ＣＥＡ解堵剂、吗啉驱油剂、ＰＳ增油剂,以及堵水剂ＨＰＡＮ等。将其应用于生产,保护了生态环境,减少了环境污染,节省了大量资金。为油田废物再利用打开了极其广阔的应用市场。     

Blood chemistry of human fetuses in the second and third trimesters

Six biochemical parameters and four enzyme activities were determined from the serum of 76 healthy and 56 pathological human fetuses between the 20th and 38th week of pregnancy. In the normal fetuses studied within that period, creatinine, immunoglobulin M, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase increased; haemoglobin F and glucose progressively decreased; and alkaline phosphatase was at a peak around the 26th week; cholesterol and triglycerides were always low. The same parameters were also measured in some of the pathological fetuses and compared with their normal counterparts.     

Indonesian peat and vegetation fire emissions: Study on factors influencing large-scale smoke haze pollution using a regional atmospheric chemistry model

Numerical modelling of fire-related smoke haze episodes in Southeast Asia is important for both prediction and assessment of atmospheric impacts, especially when observational data are fragmentary, as is the case in Indonesia. This work describes the atmospheric fate of smoke particles emitted during the 1997 Indonesian fires modelled with a regional atmospheric chemistry model. We established a new fire emission inventory and calculate that 55 teragram (Tg) of particulate matter and 1098 Tg of carbon were released during this fire episode. Our emission estimate is an intermediate value compared with other studies. Utilising different scenarios, we demonstrate the variable atmospheric impacts of surface vegetation fires and peat soil fires separately and also investigate the sensitivity of smoke dispersion to the differing meteorological conditions of an El Niño and a normal year. When peat fires are included in the emission inventory, modelled ambient particle concentrations exceed the ambient air quality standard across transboundary scales. In a scenario including only surface vegetation fires, ambient air quality standards are exceeded only in areas close to the main fires. This scenario demonstrates the prominent role of fires in peat areas in causing regional air pollution episodes. In years with normal meteorological conditions, intermittent precipitation and associated wet deposition during the dry season are predicted to remove most of the particulate emissions close to the sources. Strongly reduced rainfall and generally stronger southeasterly winds during El Niño years provide favourable conditions for larger scale smoke haze pollution.     

绿色化学思想在大型化工企业环境规划中的应用

绿色化学是新兴的无污染的化学，它的提出和应用为化学工业防治环境污染，转变经济增长方式提供了新的思想、理论和技术。探讨了绿色化学思想的内涵，设计了以绿色化学为核心的化工企业环境规划体系，并在某化工企业环境规划中进行了应用。     

应用遗传神经网络方法分析我国降水化学数据

收集了１１１组包含Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋等８种离子浓度和ＰＨ值的我国降水化学数据，并用遗传神经网络（Ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃ Ｎｅｕｒａｌ Ｎｅｔ－ｗｏｒｋｓ，ＧＮＮ）方法建立了这些离子浓度和ＰＨ值绵ＢＰ网络模式，运用这些模式计算了各离子浓度对ＰＨ值的贡献，结果表明，我国各地降水ＰＨ值与各地区酸性离子与碱性离子相互用途相关，其中生离子的中和作用起着主导作用。     

循环水处理的现状及未来发展

化学药剂处理仍是目前循环水处理的主要方法,而不断开发多功能复合药剂、推广应用绿色化学品处理技术、研究成本效益性的产品是未来水处理药剂的发展方向。对于国内水处理厂家,除不断开发新型产品及技术外,还需结合使用配方筛选、分析监测、仪器仪表、计算机应用等现代化自动控制技术。     

概论N_2O大气浓度演变及其大气化学

N2 O在对流层中是长寿命的痕量温室气体 ;在平流层 ,它是破坏O3层主要痕量气体之一NO的生成源。本文主要综述了N2 O的大气浓度演变、大气寿命、对温室效应的贡献、大气化学等 ,着重探讨了可能存在的N2 O大气生成和消耗过程     

西双版纳城、郊雾水化学组成分析

利用１９９７年１１月西双版纳城、郊雾的外场试验观测资料，从该地区雾水化学组成与其他地区雾水化学组成的比较、雾水化学组成与环境的关系、雾水化学组成的来源、雾水化学成分的浓度与雾的微物理结构的关系等几个方面分析了地区雾的化学特征。结果表明，西双版纳城郊雾水明显呈碱性，Ｆ＾－浓度比我国其他地区高很多；由于生态环境的不同，西双版纳城郊雾的化学成分浓度有很大差异；与历史资料，西双版纳城区雾水总离子浓度明显增