沙尘暴对暴露儿童健康效应的研究

为了研究沙尘暴对儿童可能造成的急性危害,以沙尘暴源区——甘肃省武威市的某2所小学3～5年级的1040名学生(年龄8～14岁)为研究对象,在2004年和2005年的3～5月沙尘暴频发期间进行健康状况问卷调查,共调查4场沙尘暴事件,所调查的症状有咳嗽、咯痰、气短、肺部喘鸣、胸部憋闷、咽干口苦、眼睛干涩、流泪、流涕、打喷嚏、心情压抑等11种常见的症状.结果表明,沙尘暴发生当天(滞后0d)儿童各种所查症状发生的相对危险度(RR)均有不同程度地升高,沙尘暴过后(滞后1～5d),儿童各种症状的RR逐渐降低,沙尘暴过后4d(滞后4d),几乎所有症状均恢复正常.暴露儿童在沙尘暴发生当天,除肺部喘鸣和胸部憋闷发生的RR升高不显著外(p>0.05),其他所查症状发生的RR均有显著性升高(p<0.05,p<0.01,p<0.001).沙尘暴过后虽然各种症状RR均有所下降,但下降速度不同:在滞后1～2d,气短、眼睛干涩、流泪和心情压抑等4种症状RR仍显著高于沙尘暴前,直到滞后3d才恢复到正常水平;而咳嗽、咯痰、咽干口苦和打喷嚏等4种症状RR在滞后4d才恢复正常;流涕症状RR在滞后5d才基本恢复正常.不同年度和不同时期的沙尘暴事件对儿童健康症状的影响有所不同.从以上结果可以看出:沙尘暴对儿童的健康既有当日急性效应又有一定的短期滞后效应.     

儿童消费市场特点及营销对策

儿童消费市场生机勃勃,蕴含着巨大的商机。儿童在现代家庭的消费结构中有着举足轻重的地位。本文针对儿童消费群体的特点,提出了相应的营销策略。使企业能够更好的做好符合儿童消费市场特点的营销工作,从而取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

中国农村儿童血铅水平分析研究

通过检索相关文献,收集国内1998～2006年公开发表的关于农村儿童血铅研究的论文,从中选择相关的文献进行综合分析。被纳入研究的49篇文献分析结果表明,我国农村儿童血铅水平在43.48～532.0μg/L,平均为105.17μg/L,中毒率范围为2.2%～88.1%,平均中毒率为26.8%。在所报道的21个省、市中,有8个省、市儿童血铅平均水平超过100μg/L。血铅平均值及铅中毒率最高的是安徽、云南、山西,最低的是湖南、重庆、吉林。受环境等因素的影响,我国农村儿童血铅水平较高,血铅的防治工作刻不容缓。     

指导小儿合理用药的几点体会

文章从三个方面讨论如何指导家长给小孩合理用药,并讨论了对家庭自备药物如何保管及如何处理小孩误服药物.     

沈阳市土壤铅对儿童血铅的影响

研究了沈阳市土壤铅和儿童血铅的动态关系,鉴于今后土壤是儿童最重要的铅暴露源,通过土壤铅预测儿童血铅,并计算当土壤铅含量削减到土壤质量二级标准时,儿童血铅恢复到安全阈值(10μg·dL^-1需要的时间,从而为土壤修复提供理论依据.研究表明,土壤铅和儿童血铅的相关系数在地理区水平上最高,为0.9200,地理区客观地代表了儿童铅暴露的真实范围.西部工业区有约90%的儿童血铅水平都高于安全阈值;东部儿童血铅水平最低,几乎没有超标现象;其它地理区儿童血铅的超标范围在3.48%～31.81%.西部工业区儿童血铅恢复到安全阈值以下所需的时间最长,平均为26.68月,其次为北部、东北部、西南部、西北部和中部,东部儿童已在安全水平.无论各地理区儿童血铅水平,还是平均恢复时间和最长恢复时间都受土壤铅含量控制.     

Characteristics of bicycle crashes among children and the effect of bicycle helmets

Abstract

Objective: Focusing on children (0–17?years), this study aimed to investigate injury and accident characteristics for bicyclists and to evaluate the use and protective effect of bicycle helmets.

Method: This nationwide Swedish study included children who had visited an emergency care center due to injuries from a bicycle crash. In order to investigate the causes of bicycle crashes, data from 2014 to 2016 were analyzed thoroughly (n?=?7967). The causes of the crashes were analyzed and categorized, focusing on 3 subgroups: children 0–6, 7–12, and 13–17?years of age. To assess helmet effectiveness, the induced exposure approach was applied using data from 2006 to 2016 (n?=?24,623). In order to control for crash severity, only bicyclists who had sustained at least one Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injury (moderate injury or more severe) in body regions other than the head were included.

Results: In 82% of the cases the children were injured in a single-bicycle crash, and the proportion decreased with age (0–6: 91%, 7–12: 84%, 13–17: 77%). Of AIS 2+ injuries, 8% were head injuries and 85% were injuries to the extremities (73% upper extremities and 13% lower extremities). Helmet use was relatively high up to the age of 10 (90%), after which it dropped. Helmets were much less frequently used by teenagers (14%), especially girls. Consistently, the share of head injuries increased as the children got older. Bicycle helmets were found to reduce all head injuries by 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10: +/? 10%) and AIS 2+ head injuries by 68% (95% CI, 12: +/? 12%). The effectiveness in reducing face injuries was lower (45% CI +/? 10% for all injuries and 54% CI +/? 32% for AIS2+ injuries).

Conclusions: This study indicated that bicycle helmets effectively reduce injuries to the head and face. The results thus point to the need for actions aimed at increasing helmet use, especially among teenagers. Protective measures are necessary to further reduce injuries, especially to the upper extremities.     

南通钢绳产业区儿童发铅、发锌水平调查与评价

为调查南通市钢绳产业区儿童发铅、发锌水平,对67名5～7岁健康儿童进行了发铅、发锌的检测.结果表明:当地环境因素并没有影响儿童的身体健康.钢绳产业区学龄前儿童发铅和发锌含量的平均值均在正常参考标准值内,儿童发铅超标率为7.5％,远远低于1998年市区儿童的发铅超标率.钢绳产业区与其他地区学龄儿童发铅、发锌的含量也并没有...     

Cross‐sectional epidemiological study on the lead burden of children and workers in Greece

Exposure of the general population to lead in the environment is mainly caused by motor traffic exhaust and by industrial pollution. The aim of the study in Greece was to assess lead exposure in children living in point source impacted areas (Lavrion and Aspropyrgos‐Eleusis) using the biological monitoring parameter “blood lead concentration”;.

In addition, workers of a lead smelter, a battery plant and an oil refinery were investigated in these areas at the same time.

Five hundred and thirty‐four children and 105 workers took part in this investigation.

The highest blood lead levels (mean: 24.16 μg/100ml; range: 10.40–60.49 μg/100 ml) were found in children living in a 500m‐area around the lead smelter at Lavrion. Blood lead decreases corresponded to the increasing distance from the emitter. Nevertheless the values of children living in a 1500 m distance to the smelter are significantly higher than those of children living next to other kinds of industrial lead sources.

The mean values of the children living in the two industrial towns were manifold higher than those of the control group.

The blood lead levels of the investigated workers did not exceed the German BAT‐value (Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranzwert) of 70 μg/100ml.     

Educational,psychosocial, and protection outcomes of child‐ and youth‐focused programming with Somali refugees in Dollo Ado,Ethiopia

Child‐ and youth‐friendly spaces have become a common feature of emergency humanitarian provision. This study reports on the outcomes of child and youth learning centres (CYLCs) in Ethiopia's Buramino Camp established for those fleeing conflict in Somalia. Eighty‐five youths completed baseline assessments shortly after arrival and follow‐up assessments three to six months later. Caregivers of 106 younger children completed similar appraisals. 693 children attending the CYLCs completed pre‐ and post‐educational assessments, which indicated major gains—significant at p<0.0001—in both literacy (younger children, t=9.06; youth, t=13.87) and numeracy (younger children, t=13.94; youths, t=17.10). Children's CYLC attendance increased reports of met needs among caregivers (t=2.53, p<0.05) and youths (t=2.57, p<0.05), and, among caregivers but not youths, significantly moderated protection concerns (t=2.39, p<0.05, and t=?1.90, p=0.06, respectively). There was general improvement in psychosocial well‐being over time for all children; CYLC attendance predicted greater reductions in reported difficulties only among younger children (t=2.51, p<0.05).     

Emotional,physical, and social needs among 0–5‐year‐old children displaced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake: associated characteristics and exposures

An 8.8‐magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on 27 February 2010, displacing nearly 2,000 children aged less than five years to emergency housing camps. Nine months later, this study assessed the needs of 140 displaced 0–5‐year‐old children in six domains: caregiver stability and protection; health; housing; nutrition; psychosocial situation; and stimulation. Multivariate regression was applied to examine the degree to which emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with baseline characteristics and exposure to the earthquake, to stressful events, and to ongoing risks in the proximal post‐earthquake context. In each domain, 20 per cent or fewer children had unmet needs. Of all children in the sample, 20 per cent had unmet needs in multiple domains. Children's emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with ongoing exposures amenable to intervention, more than with baseline characteristics or epicentre proximity. Relief efforts should address multiple interrelated domains of child well‐being and ongoing risks in post‐disaster settings.