中国部分地区铅暴露儿童健康风险评价

通过解析我国现有血铅浓度数据,采用无阈值剂量效应曲线,计算了我国部分地区轻度智力发育迟缓(MMR)的发生概率.最后利用MMR发生率以及生命周期表,计算了相应的伤残调整寿命年.结果表明:我国儿童血铅浓度几何均值和几何标准差分别为5.94,1.58μg/dL,超标率为12.74%,而由于铅暴露污染所导致的儿童MMR发生率和伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)分别为0.78%和0.10a.计算结果表明,我国儿童的铅暴露风险低于非洲,南美以及部分中东地区,远高于北美以及欧洲,与除日本以外的其他亚洲国家基本持平.     

“Because we are all people”: outcomes and reflections from young people's participation in the planning and design of child-friendly public spaces

Child-Friendly Cities were conceived as a means to integrate children's rights into city decision-making and governance. Participatory research about child-friendly cities consistently finds overarching themes across ages and regions: children desire access to services, nature, and play; freedom from physical danger; and opportunities for inclusion within the city. This article explores a two-year visioning and participatory design process that engaged approximately 225 young people, aged 4–16, in the planning and design of a prominent public space in the City of Boulder. While participatory research with children has received much attention in the academic literature, much less attention has been given to what can be achieved through sustained integration of children into municipal planning processes, particularly in the USA. This paper thus moves children's participation beyond rhetoric and into the challenging reality of planning a city with children as a valued constituent.     

Association of serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls with IL-8 mRNA expression in blood samples from asthmatic and non-asthmatic Japanese children

Background

One of the suggested health outcomes of PCB exposure is childhood asthma.

Objectives

This study was conducted to find health relevant biomarkers providing the molecular epidemiological evidence for the positive relationship between exposure to PCBs and childhood asthma.

Methods

Blood samples from fifteen asthmatic children as well as an equal number of non-asthmatic children (average 2 year old) were collected, and were analyzed for PCBs and their select marker expression by using qRT-PCR.

Results

Among biomarkers examined IL-8 expression was significantly correlated to serum levels of PCB #163 + 164 (P = 0.022), #170 (P = 0.046), #177 (P = 0.022), #178 (P = 0.022) and #180 + 193 (P = 0.046) in a dose-dependent manner, which was found only among asthmatic children. In contrast, COX-2 correlations to individual congener levels were recognized only among control subjects, not among asthmatic subjects.

Conclusion

Serum concentrations of PCB#163 + 164, #170, #177, #178 and #180 + 193 correlate significantly with IL-8 mRNA expressions among asthmatic children.     

儿童的形态发育和肺功能生长

根据中国 4城市 8所小学儿童的调查研究结果 ,报告了在不同环境条件下 ,儿童体格和肺功能发育的基本情况 ,并试图从营养条件和空气污染两个方面对儿童肺功能发育情况进行解释。研究指出营养条件和空气污染对儿童肺功能的影响作用相反。两种相反的作用互相抵消了一部分影响 ,可能是造成了儿童肺功能波动的原因。空气污染严重、营养条件较差 ,二者均可使肺功能指标下降。有一定的空气污染、营养条件又好 ,肺功能指标可能相对较高 ,因此营养条件可能是研究空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的一个较为重要的混杂因子     

防灾减灾科普绘本设计的新思维

防灾减灾科普绘本是帮助儿童认识自然界的主要灾害和在灾害面前了解自我应对措施的重要途径.目前国内创作的防灾减灾科普绘本在内容表达与知识传播上仍存在着讲解抽象、儿童读者难以理解的问题,究其原因,主要在于设计者没有寻找到切合儿童认知心理特征的表达方式.由此,对已出版的防灾减灾科普绘本进行了归类整理与研究,从知识内容的趣味表达...     

沈阳市儿童环境铅暴露评价

在沈阳市全市范围内采集大气、土壤、灰尘样品,根据美国EPA推荐的儿童暴露参数,将所得的环境铅含量与儿童行为数据和铅摄入量结合,计算沈阳市儿童环境铅暴露量.结果表明,在沈阳市儿童各种环境铅暴露中,儿童每天由于手口接触摄入的土壤铅量>灰尘铅摄入量>吸入空气铅量>皮肤从土壤中吸收的铅量.其中,土壤和灰尘铅是儿童铅负荷的最主要来源,儿童平均每天由于手口接触摄入的土壤铅量和灰尘铅摄入量分别为2.35×10-2mg·d-1,9.70×10-3mg·d-1.除了皮肤铅暴露,沈阳市儿童每日土壤、灰尘和空气铅暴露量近似服从正态分布.铁西区、太原街和崇山小区是沈阳市儿童主要的环境铅暴露区.     

儿童呼吸系统疾病对肺功能影响的探讨

通过 1 995～ 1 996年 3次肺功能测量和家庭健康问卷调查发现 ,患过感冒咳嗽、咳痰、气喘、哮喘和支气管炎的儿童中 FEV1 / FVC、FEV1 /预测值以及 FVC/预测值的异常率比未患过这 5种疾病的儿童都高 ,且前者达到显著性水平。FVC/预测值、FEV1 /预测值有部分疾病异常率达到显著水平。患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量异常的儿童比未患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量正常儿童的 FVC调整预测值下降 3 4 5～ 4 1 8ml,FEV1 调整预测值下降 3 56～ 4 75ml,FEV1 /FVC平均下降 1 4 .2 %～ 1 9.4 %。说明曾患过呼吸系统疾病儿童的肺功能已受到了一定程度的影响     

兰州市小儿血铅水平与环境铅污染关系调查

采用随机抽样的方法对兰州市103对新生儿及其母亲、1月至36月的146名婴幼儿以及808名3～7岁儿童的毛细血管血铅进行了分析,同时对上述幼儿园室内外尘土或土壤样品采用石墨炉原子吸收法进行了铅分析测定,通过相关分析,说明城市环境铅污染是小儿血铅升高的主要原因之一。     

Determination of Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust From Primary School (Sri Serdang,Malaysia): Estimation of the Health Risks

Heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, and Cu) in classroom indoor dust were measured. The health risk (non-carcinogenic) of these heavy metals in classroom indoor dust to children was assessed based on United States Environmental Protection Agency health risk model. Indoor classroom dust samples were collected from 21 locations including windows, fans, and floors at a primary school in Sri Serdang, Malaysia. Classroom dust samples were processed using aqua regia method and analyzed for Pb, Cd, and Cu concentrations. The highest average heavy metal concentrations were found in windows, followed by floor and fan. Pb concentrations ranged from 34.17 μg/g to 101.87 μg/g, Cd concentrations ranged from 1.73 μg/g to 7.5 μg/g, and Cu concentrations ranged from 20.27 μg/g to 82.13 μg/g. Ventilation and cleaning process were found as the possible factors that contributed to heavy metal concentration in window, floor, and fan. Moreover, the hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values for heavy metals Cd and Cu were less than one. By contrast, the HI and HQ values for Pb (maximum values) were more than one, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risk to children. Long-term persistence of leaded petrol, building materials, interior paint, school located near industrial areas and major roads, as well as vehicle emission are the factors attributed to the presence of heavy metals in classroom dust. Further research under a long-term monitoring plan and actual values in a health risk model is crucial before a final decision on heavy metal exposure and its relationship to young children health risks can be made. Nevertheless, the findings of this study provide crucial evidence to include indoor dust quality in school assessment because the environmental processes and impacts of surrounding school area have health risk implications on young children.     

Exploring insideness in urban children’s sense of place

This study, informed by phenomenology and ethnography, explores urban children’s relationship with their urban environment: In what ways do urban children exhibit “insideness” in their sense of place? This study proposes “insideness” as a conceptual construct to understand urban children’s sense of place in its ecological and dynamic nature. Employing qualitative research methods, the study explores place stories of urban children who live in low-income, immigrant neighborhoods in New York City. The study finds that as children cultivate their sense of place, they construct “insideness” in their sense of place including 1) environmental understanding (i.e., contextualized, comprehensive, and critical understanding of a place), 2) environmental competence (i.e., knowing how to navigate and engage in a place), and 3) diverse, strong affective relationships with a place. Using “insideness” as a conceptual tool, this study discusses children’s emplaced understanding and active and dialogical positionality in the development of their sense of place.