二苯并噻吩降解菌的筛选鉴定及煤脱硫的研究

从某石油化工厂的气浮池附近的土壤中,分离得到1株能降解二苯并噻吩的菌株DBZT,经菌株的形态特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定属于苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.)。GC-MS分析菌株的发酵液,表明该菌株能将二苯并噻吩还原生成联苯。应用正交实验的方法研究了苍白杆菌DBZT在煤炭脱硫过程中煤粒度、菌液接种量和浸滤时间3个因素的组合对其脱硫效果的影响,并筛选出各因素的最佳实验条件。实验结果表明,浸滤时间对煤脱硫效率的影响最为显著。在浸滤时间为24 h,煤粒度小于0.094 mm,接种的细菌数量为3×106cfu/g煤样的条件下,菌株DBZT脱去全硫的效果最佳,达到16.28%。     

Arsenic contamination in water,soil, sediment and rice of central India

Arsenic contamination in the environment (i.e. surface, well and tube-well water, soil, sediment and rice samples) of central India (i.e. Ambagarh Chauki, Chhattisgarh) is reported. The concentration of the total arsenic in the samples i.e. water (n=64), soil (n=30), sediment (n=27) and rice grain (n=10) were ranged from 15 to 825 μg L⁻¹, 9 to 390 mg kg⁻¹, 19 to 489 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.018 to 0.446 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In all type of waters, the arsenic levels exceeded the permissible limit, 10 μg L⁻¹. The most toxic and mobile inorganic species i.e. As(III) and As(V) are predominantly present in water of this region. The soils have relatively higher contents of arsenic and other elements i.e. Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ga, Zr, Sn, Sb, Pb and U. The mean arsenic contents in soil of this region are much higher than in arsenic soil of West Bengal and Bangladesh. The lowest level of arsenic in the soil of this region is 3.7 mg kg⁻¹ with median value of 9.5 mg kg⁻¹. The arsenic contents in the sediments are at least 2-folds higher than in the soil. The sources of arsenic contamination in the soil of this region are expected from the rock weathering as well as the atmospheric deposition. The environmental samples i.e. water, soil dust, food, etc. are expected the major exposure for the arsenic contamination. The most of people living in this region are suffering with arsenic borne diseases (i.e. melanosis, keratosis, skin cancer, etc.).     

鼎湖山锥栗种子特征及其对动物取食格局的影响

通过对鼎湖山自然保护区锥栗种子特征的分析及进行种子取食实验，研究探讨了锥栗种子特征对动物取食格局的影响。结果表明，锥栗作为鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林中的重要建群种之一，其更新困难的主要原因就在于种子扩散前后面临巨大的取食压力。动物对种子取食偏爱同种子大小呈现出一定的相关性，随着种子尺寸增加，取食率有线性增加的趋势。但是，锥栗应对动物取食并非完全被动的，它也发展了一些特有的生活史策略。锥栗种子的颜色与环境凋落物及土壤色相似，可以减少被取食者发现的机率。更重要的是，锥栗种子带刺的总苞有良好的保护作用。具总苞的种子取食的强度，显著低于无总苞的种子（P〈0．01）。     

城市道路植物圆柏叶片重金属含量及其与滞尘的关系

为研究植物叶片重金属含量与滞尘之间的关系,对青岛市区道路绿化树种——圆柏（Sabinachinensis）叶片中Pb、zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属含量及其滞尘特征进行了系统分析,并在此基础上探讨了两者之间的关系。结果表明：不同距离和高度处的叶片Pb、Zn含量差异显著,与距离和高度呈负相关关系;叶片Cu含量与高度负相关,与距离相关性不显著;Cd含量则与距离和高度均没有显著相关关系。距离和高度对滞尘量有显著影响,而两者的交互作用对滞尘量的影响不显著,随着距离和高度的增加滞尘量逐渐减少。叶面尘中Pb、Zn含量空间分布差异较大,而Cu、Cd含量分布差异不显著。叶片重金属含量与相对应的叶面尘重金属含量之间具有显著正相关关系,除Cd以外叶片重金属含量与滞尘量之间也表现出不同程度的正相关关系。     

能源植物黄连木在我国的地理分布规律

为了更好地开发利用生物柴油能源植物黄连木（Pistacia chinensis Bunge）,对其在我国的地理分布规律进行了系统调查研究,结果表明：黄连木的地理分布范围为北纬18°09′～40°09′、东经96°52′～123°14′,资源遍布我国华北、华南、西南、华中、华东与西北地区的25个省、自治区、直辖市;分布区地形以高原、山地为主,土壤母岩以石灰岩为主,土壤类型以褐土为主,跨越我国温带、亚热带、热带地区;黄连木的水平分布区主要位于云南潞西—西藏察隅—四川甘孜—青海循化—甘肃天水—陕西富县—山西阳城—河北顺平—北京西山一线以东、以南,整体上呈现连续分布的特征,局部地区有一定的间断分布;从我国西部到东部,其垂直分布的上限与下限均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,从南方到北方,这种降低趋势不太明显;黄连木在我国的资源分布区可以划分为集中分布区、次集中分布区、零星分布区和沿海地带零星分布区四种类型。     

荔枝的光合特性

对糯米糍荔枝光合特性的研究结果表明，年平均蒸腾速率为８９３ｇＨ２Ｏ·ｍ－２·ｄ－１，净光合速率为６．５９ｇＣＯ２·ｍ－２·ｄ－１，蒸腾系数为２０２．２５ｇＨ２Ｏ·ｇＤＭ－１，对光合有效辐射能的利用率为１．９５％，说明了荔枝的光合性能和生产潜力。     

The Presence of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (Weddellite) in Street Sediments from Niterói, Brazil and Its Health Implications

Established research in first world urban environments has shown street sediments to be effective sinks for heavy metals and emphasises the health risks to children by its inhalation or ingestion. In third world countries with fewer pollution controls, contamination may be augmented by additional pollutants such as sewage discharge into urban streets and/or periodic inundation with sewage-laden run-off. This pollutant not only contains heavy metals and organic matter, but calcium oxalates that may derive directly from the sewage itself. To study this premise street sediments were collected from sites of varying industrialisation and sewage contamination within the city of Niteroi, Brazil. Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) was identified by X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infra red and scanning electron microscopy techniques and oxalate concentrations in <63m and colloidal (clay and organic matter) fractions, were determined by ion chromatography. Oxalate in colloidal fractions averaged 43601mgkg^–1 in sewage contaminated industrialised urban zones, 4519mgkg^–1 in suburban areas and 17477mgkg^–1 in suburbs with favelas (shantytowns-of Niterói). Oxalate concentrations coincide with high levels of metal ions (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr) that stabilise calcium oxalate dihydrate and prevent its dehydration to the monohydrate (whewellite). Lower levels of oxalate were found in lichen-covered roof sediment, plaster and mortar samples. Oxalate concentration coincides with sewage contamination and street sediments appear to act as a sink for calcium oxalate dihydrate derived from sewage. Previous studies have shown that low levels of exposure can damage kidneys and the nervous system, while prolonged exposure can cause severe corneal, retinal and skin damage, cyanosis and possibly gangrene. Contact with blood serum may result in hypocalcemia, muscular stimulation, convulsions and finally collapse. The conditions described are common throughout urban areas of the developing world and may suggest a particular environmental hazard in these regions.     

应用因子分析法分析对虾养殖水质

本文应用因子分析法分析了影响对虾养成期间水源和养殖用水的主要污染因子。通过分析,浮游植物、细菌、非离子氨和亚硝酸盐氮等因子在不同的水体中表现出不同程度的污染。     

杉木油桐仙人草复合经营模式的研究

从1991－1996年对杉木-油桐-仙人草复合经营模式进行了研究结果表明：复合经营模式对防止水土流失,改善土壤肥力,促进杉木生长以及节约营林投资和提高经济收入,均有良好的效果。     

大庆宋芳屯油田开发对周围草原羊草群落的影响

油田开发过程中 ,由于污染物的排放 ,对油田周围的生态系统将产生一定的影响。以大庆宋芳屯油田开发活动为例 ,通过实地调研和实验 ,分析了油田开发建设对草原羊草群落的影响和羊原群落的恢复规律。结果表明 :油田采油、贮存、运输及其他生产过程中产生大量的环境污染物 ,对油井周围环境中的植物生长发育及作物品质有一定的影响 ;黑钙土和风沙土上的钻井场可在 4～ 5a内恢复为羊草为优势种的群落