Effects of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on two life stages of the grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

This study investigated lethal and sublethal effects (glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol, and acetylcholinesterase) of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on larval and adult grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). The 96-hour LC50 test for larvae resulted in an estimated LC50 of 1.52 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.85 mg/L). The adult 96-h LC50 was 2.46 mg/L (95% CI = 2.07–2.93 mg/L). Glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol and acetylcholinesterase levels were not significantly affected in adult grass shrimp by exposure of up to 3.00 mg/L irgarol. Lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase levels in the larvae were significantly higher than controls in the highest irgarol exposures of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively. Cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in larvae in all four irgarol concentrations tested while glutathione levels were not significantly affected in larvae. Both lethal and sublethal effects associated with irgarol exposure were only observed at concentrations well above those reported in the environment.     

Persistence of metsulfuron‐methyl in two soils

Abstract

The persistence of metsulfuron‐methyl in sandy loam and clay soil incubated at different temperatures and moistures contents was investigated under laboratory conditions using longbean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.) as bioassay species. A significant degradation of metsulfuron‐methyl was observed in non‐autoclaved soil rather than the autoclaved soil sample. At higher temperature, the degradation rate in non‐autoclaved soil improved with increasing soil moisture content. In non‐autoclaved sandy loam and clay soil, the half‐life was reduced from 9.0 to 5.7 and from 11.2 to 4.6 days, respectively when moisture level of sandy loam increased from 20 to 80% field capacity at 35°C. In the autoclaved soil, herbicide residue seems to have been broken down by non‐biological process. The rate of dissipation was slightly increased after the second application of the herbicide to non‐autoclaved soils but not in autoclaved soil, indicating the importance of microorganisms in the breakdown process.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测水中16种芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)通过对固相萃取柱、洗脱液、流动相等的优化,建立了水中16种芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类(APP)除草剂的分析方法。确定以Oasis HLB为固相萃取柱、丙酮-正己烷(1∶1,V/V)为淋洗液、水-乙腈(3∶7,V/V)为流动相进行水样预处理,在最优条件下,各目标物在水中的回收率均达到74.5%~124.9%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~9.6%,线性范围为1~2 000μg/L,各目标物标准品在UPLCMS/MS系统中有效的线性相关系数(R2)达到0.998以上。该方法具有检测限低、回收率高等优点,经实际样品测试,可适用于水中16种APP类除草剂的同时检测。     

Excretion stereoselectivity of triticonazole in rat urine and faeces

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to study the excretion stereoselectivity of triticonazole enantiomers in rat urine and faeces. Six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administrated 50?mg/kg rac-triticonazole. Rats urine and faeces were separately and quantitatively collected at the following intervals: 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–24, 24–36 and 36–48?h. The faeces samples were homogenized in an aqueous solution containing 0.2% DMSO at the ratio of 1?g: 40?mL. An aliquot of 100?μL rats urine or faeces homogenate was spiked and mixed with 6.0?μL of 1.00?μg/mL flusilazole as an internal standard. The triticonazole enantiomers in urine and faeces were determined by using an HPLC/MS–MS after samples preparation. The excreted amounts of enantiomers in the urine showed a significant difference (P?<?0.05) except for 3–6?h. The cumulative excretion rate (Xu_0→24) in urine was 26.43?±?0.08% and 37.58?±?0.11% for R-(?)- and S-(+)-triticonazole, respectively, indicating high enantioselectivity (P?<?0.001). The cumulative excretion rate (Xu_0→72) in faeces was 6.93?±?0.03% and 6.77?±?0.03% for R-(?)- and S-(+)-triticonazole, respectively, without a difference. The results showed that the total cumulative percentage of triticonazole enantiomers accounted for in urine and faeces was 64.00?±?0.13% and 13.70?±?0.32%, the urinary excretion of R-(?)- and S-(+)-triticonazole were significantly different and S-(+)-triticonazole was preferentially excreted. However, the faecal excretion of the enantiomers showed no difference.     

基于万古霉素手性柱的马来酸扑尔敏对映体分离及其识别机理

药物是环境介质中一类新型污染物,多数药物具有手性对映体特性,药物对映体的分离分析是研究对映体水平药物环境行为和效应的前提.采用商品手性柱Chirobiotic#x00AE;V,在反相条件下,对马来酸扑尔敏进行了手性分离,考察了不同流速、柱温、pH值和流动相组成对分离的影响,并优化了色谱条件.结果表明:以含0.1%(体积分数)冰醋酸和0.1%(体积分数)三乙胺的水溶液(TEAA)与四氢呋喃(THF)混合为流动相,在所研究范围内,随着流动相中THF含量的增加、pH值增大和流速增大,马来酸扑尔敏对映体的分离效果降低;柱温影响存在峰值现象,即分离效果随温度的升高先增大后减小.优化得到的拆分条件为:流动相TEAA∶THF为95∶5(V/V),pH值为3,流速为0.3 mL·min~(-1),柱温为15℃.利用分子对接技术模拟万古霉素不同区域与扑尔敏对映体间的相互作用,计算得到了最稳定结合能,据此预测对映体的出峰顺序与实验结果完全一致.初步手性识别机理研究结果表明,引起手性识别的主要作用力为氢键作用.     

Herbicide Transport in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed: II. Long‐Term Research on Acetochlor,Alachlor, Metolachlor,and Metribuzin1

Lerch, R.N., E.J. Sadler, C. Baffaut, N.R. Kitchen, and K.A. Sudduth, 2010. Herbicide Transport in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed: II. Long‐Term Research on Acetochlor, Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Metribuzin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00504.x Abstract: Farmers in the Midwestern United States continue to be reliant on soil‐applied herbicides for weed control in crop production, and herbicide contamination of streams remains an environmental problem. The main objective of this study was to analyze trends in concentration and load of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, and metribuzin in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW) from 1992 to 2006. A secondary objective was to document the effects of best management practices (BMPs) implemented within GCEW on herbicide transport trends. Median relative herbicide loads, as a percent of applied, were 3.7% for metolachlor, 1.3% for metribuzin, 0.36% for acetochlor, and 0.18% for alachlor. The major decrease in alachlor use and increase in acetochlor use caused shifts in flow‐weighted concentrations that were observed over the entire concentration range. The smaller decrease in metolachlor use led to a consistent decreasing time trend only for the upper end of the concentration distribution. Metribuzin also showed moderate decreases in concentration with time since 1998. Annual loads were generally correlated to second quarter discharge. Despite extensive education efforts in the watershed, conservation BMPs within GCEW were mainly implemented to control erosion, and therefore had no discernable impact on reducing herbicide transport. Overall, changes in herbicide use and second quarter discharge had the greatest effect on trends in flow‐weighted concentration and annual load.     

“百草枯”生产的环境风险评价

结合河北省桃园农药厂开发的百草枯新工艺(低温钠法),对百草枯生产过程中的环境风险进行评价。首先介绍了百草枯生产的工艺流程,然后系统分析了金属钠、吡啶、氯甲烷以及百草枯等危险物的性质及其危害性,并在上述分析的基础上,采用相应的评价模型对钠化釜及合成釜中吡啶可能造成的爆炸与扩散进行了评价。最后,就百草枯生产的环境风险提出了相应的对策和防范措施。     

多重环境因子对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解的影响

氟胺磺隆作为普遍使用的一种磺酰脲类除草剂,已经对土壤和作物造成了危害,其环境行为受很多物理化学或生物因素的影响.为探明不同环境因素对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解程度的影响,通过实验室内模拟培养的方法,研究了土壤微生物、不同土壤类型、水溶性有机物（dissolved organic matter,DOM）、温度、土壤含水量等因素对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解的影响.结果表明,各种环境因子：温度、湿度、土壤微生物和土壤类型等均在不同程度上影响了氟胺磺隆的土壤降解速率.土壤微生物量、土壤有机质和DOM的增加均有利于氟胺磺隆在土壤中的降解,并且土壤pH的降低,也会促进氟胺磺隆在土壤中的降解.其中,土壤微生物是影响氟胺磺隆土壤降解的主要因素.该研究结果将为一些生物和物理化学因子调节氟胺磺隆在土壤中消散提供初步数据.