spatial analysis of herbicide decay rates in louisiana

This analysis presents results based on a five-yearstudy recently supported by the Louisiana Departmentof Transportation and Development (DOTD) in which theacute toxicity, fate and effect of herbicide mixtureson human health and the environment were assessed. Three sites were routinely sprayed by DOTD to killweeds along the roadsides. Two herbicide mixtures wereused, 2,4-D and Roundup, and Garlon 3A and Roundup.Water, vegetation, soil and sediment samples werecollected quarterly for three years and were analyzedfor pesticide content to study the fate and impact ofherbicides in the environment. Results indicate acorrelation between soil type, herbicide type, andpersistence of the herbicide in the environment. Usingthe correlations found in these data, spatial analysisidentified areas where herbicide use may potentiallycause surface water and sediment contamination, basedon soil composition/properties, type of herbicideapplied, and proximity of water bodies to sprayed areas.     

土壤中20种磺酰脲类除草剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法

建立了加速溶剂提取、凝胶渗透色谱法净化-超高效液相色谱/串联质谱快速测定土壤中20种磺酰脲类除草剂的方法。土壤经过冷冻干燥、粉碎过筛,用加速溶剂仪提取(ASE),经凝胶渗透色谱净化(GPC),以超高效液相色谱/串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)多级监测模式(MRM)外标法进行定性定量分析。结果表明:土壤中20种磺酰脲类除藻剂的检出限为2～5 ng/kg。对同一环境样品进行了3个不同添加量(1、5、10μg/L)的加标回收实验,平均回收率为65. 7%～106. 1%,相对标准偏差为2. 3%～12. 1%。该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可有效应用于土壤中20种磺酰脲类除草剂的快速监测。     

土壤及铝氧化物吸附氯磺隆和苄嘧磺隆动力学研究

用间歇法研究了红壤和人工合成的铝氧化物吸附除草剂(氯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆)的动力学特性。结果表明:土壤和氧化物对除草剂的吸附均在较短的时间内达到平衡。用五种模型对土壤和氧化物的吸附动力学过程进行了描述,其中最优模型是一级动力学方程。两种除草剂在两种供试样品中的吸附量均有差别。     

几种酰胺类除草剂的光降解及其致突变性

对３种常见的酰胺类除草剂乙胺,异丙甲草胺,丁草胺的光降解进行了研究,采用Ａｍｅｓ试验方法对母体和光降解产物的致突变性进行了检验,结果表明,在紫外灯照射下,这３种除草剂的光降解均较符合一级动力学,其降解速率次序为：异丙草胺〉乙草胺〉丁草胺。     

多重环境因子对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解的影响

氟胺磺隆作为普遍使用的一种磺酰脲类除草剂,已经对土壤和作物造成了危害,其环境行为受很多物理化学或生物因素的影响.为探明不同环境因素对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解程度的影响,通过实验室内模拟培养的方法,研究了土壤微生物、不同土壤类型、水溶性有机物（dissolved organic matter,DOM）、温度、土壤含水量等因素对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解的影响.结果表明,各种环境因子：温度、湿度、土壤微生物和土壤类型等均在不同程度上影响了氟胺磺隆的土壤降解速率.土壤微生物量、土壤有机质和DOM的增加均有利于氟胺磺隆在土壤中的降解,并且土壤pH的降低,也会促进氟胺磺隆在土壤中的降解.其中,土壤微生物是影响氟胺磺隆土壤降解的主要因素.该研究结果将为一些生物和物理化学因子调节氟胺磺隆在土壤中消散提供初步数据.     

（R）—酮基布洛芬乙酯对映选择性水解酶产生菌的筛选及其特性

以酮洛芬乙酯为唯一碳源,经过两轮富集培养从土壤中分离得到45株优先生成（S）-酮洛芬和25株优先生成（R）-酮洛芬的菌株,其中产物对映体过量值高于85%的分别有13株和9株。在25株优先选择（R）构型的菌株中,G13号菌的活性较高而且选择性最好,对G13号菌的培养和催化特性研究表明：在培养基中添加吐温-80可以显著提高细菌的催化活力;静息细胞的最适反应温度为40℃,最适pH范围为7.0-8.0,在具有档板和磁力搅拌的三角板中,用G13号菌的静息细胞水解酮洛芬乙酯（50mmol/L）,68h的转化率为33.7%,产物（R）-酮洛芬的对映体过量值达到93%。     

低质量浓度除草剂2，4滴丁酯处理对土壤动物群落结构的影响

土壤动物是土壤污染的敏感指示生物,对土壤环境变化表现出比较灵敏的反映,为了解低质量浓度除草剂对土壤生态系统的影响,进一步推动除草剂使用的安全性评价研究,采用除草剂2,4滴丁酯对土壤动物群落进行室内染毒模拟试验,参照农田施用常规参考质量浓度,设置4个质量浓度梯度和一个不喷施除草剂的对照质量浓度,质量浓度最高限于参考喷施质量浓度的3~4倍,一次染毒后分别于12、24、48和72 h后对土壤动物进行分离并对群落结构特征进行分析。试验共获得土壤动物18655个,隶属于2门,4纲,12目,群落结构分析结果表明低质量浓度2,4滴丁酯导致土壤动物个体数和类群数有所减少,但减少的程度并不大。个体数量变化与质量浓度增高之间呈现较明显负相关（r=-0.856,P〈0.05）,种类数变化与质量浓度之间不具有明显的相关性,土壤动物种类数的减少主要取决于稀有类群和极稀有类群,数量的变化则主要是优势类群和常见类群的增减。2,4滴丁酯的施加使得土壤动物群落多样性指数和优势度指数降低,均匀度指数增高。土壤动物个体数量和类群数量变化与染毒后经历的时间之间并未表现出明显的规律性,染毒后不同时间土壤动物优势度指数相差较大,而多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同历时时间段内相差不大。综合各分析结果能够看出,低质量浓度2,4滴丁酯处理会对土壤动物群落造成一定影响,但影响程度并不大。     

固定化根霉脂肪酶的性质及在手性酯拆分中的应用

通过载体筛选及固定化过程优化,选用硅胶25℃吸附4h,1%戊二醛交联1h的方法对根霉（Rhizopus sp.Bc0-09m01)脂肪酶进行了固定化,对固定化酶的各种酶学性质进行的研究表明,酶的最适作用温度为40－45℃,是适作用pH为7．5,在4－30 ℃范围中性偏酸（pH4.0-9.0)环境中比较稳定,固定化酶的热稳定性及pH稳定性较游离酶有较大幅度的提高,将固定化酶用于拆分环氧丙醇丁酸酯,在转化率达到53％时得到的残留底物对映体过量值（ees)可达90％,固定化酶批式反应连续运行10批后酶活仍保持80％。     

Atrazine and metolachlor residues in brookston Cl following conventional and conservation tillage culture

Atrazine and metolachlor are extensively used in Ontario, Canada for control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in corn. Conservation tillage may alter the physical and biological environment of soil affecting herbicide dissipation. The rate of dissipation of these two herbicides in soil from conventional, ridge and no-tillage culture was followed. Herbicide dissipation was best described by first order reaction kinetics. Half life, the time for herbicide residues to dissipate to half their initial concentration, was unaffected by tillage. Half life for atrazine and metolachlor was similar and ranged from 31 to 66 d. The rate of dissipation decreased in dry years when soil moisture content was low. In a dry year, herbicide residues during the growing season were significantly greater on ridge tops than in the other tillage treatments. However, after harvest no differences in herbicide residues were detected among tillage treatments. Residues of atrazine (6 to 9% of applied) and metolachlor (4 to 6%) were detected in soil before planting a year after application. De-ethyl atrazine, the primary degradation product of atrazine, increased in concentration during the growing season with the greatest concentrations measured at harvest and in years when atrazine dissipated fastest. De-ethyl atrazine one year after application accounted for about 12% of the remaining triazine residue. These herbicide residues would not be phytotoxic to subsequent crops but are a potential source for leaching to ground and surface waters.