绿色水处理剂高铁酸盐在水处理领域中的应用进展

高铁酸盐是饮用水和废水处理中一种多功能绿色环保水处理剂,因其具有高效的氧化、混凝、消毒杀菌能力,且不产生有毒有害的物质,在水处理领域中已受到广泛关注.为全面、系统地剖析高铁酸盐在水处理领域中现有的研究成果,运用知识图谱分析工具VOSviewer对来自中国知网(CNKI)数据库和Webof Science(WOS)数据库...     

配水管网中生物稳定性和消毒副产物的变化及相关性

研究了上海市2条不同水源水厂配水管网中可同化有机碳（AOC）、三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）的变化情况,并对饮用水生物稳定性和消毒副产物间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明,管网中AOC和HAAs含量受余氯和微生物活动双重作用的影响,在距水厂较近、余氯较高的管网中,可能因氯与有机物继续反应出现上升,在余氯较低的管网末梢则因为微生物降解作用使含量下降;THMs含量则只受余氯的影响,随管网延伸持续增长.HAAs与AOC含量间存在较好的线形关系,前体物间具有相似性,THMs与AOC含量间呈正相关性;作为饮用水安全性的2个重要方面,生物稳定性和消毒副产物间具有内在的关联性.     

炼化企业中水紫外线消毒及其影响因素简

研究水质对254 nm紫外线透射率的影响,通过动态实验考察了照射时间、254 nm紫外线透射率以及紫外线剂量对炼化企业中水消毒效果的影响并同时考察异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的光复活及暗修复现象。结果表明,有机物是影响炼化企业中水紫外线消毒的重要因素;紫外线对炼化企业中水中的异养菌具有良好的灭活作用;增加照射时间对消毒效果的提升作用受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;紫外线透射率在较低的范围内时对消毒效果的影响相对较大,在较高的范围内时影响较小;紫外线剂量-响应曲线受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;剂量的“成分”,即照射时间和透射率的不同组合,也会对消毒效果产生影响;在80 mJ/cm²的剂量下,20 h内异养菌出现了较强烈的光复活和暗修复现象,铁细菌仅出现了明显的光复活现象,硫酸盐还原菌没有表现出明显的复活。     

气体扩散电极体系的电化学消毒

以自制活性炭/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系发生H2O2进行电化学消毒的系统研究,探讨了膜电极中PTFE质量分数WPTFE对氧气电还原特性的影响,研究了膜电极中载铂量WPt和造孔剂含量WNH4HCO3、外部操作条件pH值、氧气流速、溶液含盐量和电流密度对杀菌效率的影响.结果表明,WPTFE对H2O2的产率有明显的影响:产H2O2的峰电流先是随着WPTFE的增加而增大,然后减小.当WPTFE=50%时,峰电流最高.杀菌效果随着载铂量的提高而改善,WPt增加到4‰,杀菌效果和WPt=3‰时的杀菌效果基本相当.适量造孔剂的添加有效地改善了杀菌效果.杀菌效率随着pH值的下降迅速提高;该体系pH值适用范围较广:当原水细菌总数为106cfu.ml-1,pH=3—10,以载铂量WPt=3‰的气体扩散电极作为阴极进行电解,30 min后杀菌效率均能达到80%以上.在一定范围内增加氧气流速对H2O2的产生及杀菌效率的变化无太大影响.一方面,高的氧气流速增大了水的电阻,增加了杀菌能耗,提高了气体扩散电极体系杀菌的运行成本;另一方面,高的氧气流速在一定程度上缩短了处理时间,降低了设备投资.含盐量的增加使杀菌能耗减小,因此本电化学杀菌体系更加适合于高含盐量的水.杀菌效率随电流的升高而增加,但电流较大时,杀菌效率增加幅度较小.电流密度控制在6.6 mA.cm-2较为适宜.     

评价饮水DBPs致HepG2细胞损伤的2种试验方法

应用结晶紫染色法细胞毒性试验和胞质分裂阻滞法微核试验(CBMNT)评价饮水消毒副产物(DBPs)的HepG2细胞毒性和遗传毒性,探讨该2种试验方法纳入饮水安全性评价体系的可行性.根据遗传毒性和致癌性选用了5种DBPs,分别对HepG2细胞进行染毒,结果表明,5种DBPs的细胞毒性大小排序为3-氯-4-二氯甲基-5-羟基-2(5氢)-呋喃酮(MX)>二氯乙腈>二溴乙酸>二氯乙酸>三氯乙酸,其细胞毒性潜力(%C?值)分别为89.74,283.81,1217.02,5066.81,9335.38μmol/L,该5种DBPs在一定浓度下均可致HepG2细胞微核率显著增加,表现出明显的遗传毒性,其遗传损伤能力排序与细胞毒性大小相同.可考虑将这两种实验方法纳入到饮水安全性评价体系中.     

Evaluate HAA removal in biologically active carbon filters using the ICR database

The effects of biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration on haloacetic acid (HAA) levels in plant effluents and distribution systems were investigated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Information Collection Rule (ICR) database. The results showed that average HAA5 concentrations in all locations were 20.4 μg·L^-1 and 29.6 μg·L^-1 in ICR plants with granular activated carbon (GAC) and ICR plants without GAC process, respectively. For plants without GAC, the highest HAA levels were observed in the quarters of April to June and July to September. However, for plants with GAC, the highest HAA levels were observed in the quarters of April to June and January to March. This HAA level profile inversely correlated well with water temperature, or biologic activity. For GAC plants, simulated distribution samples matched well with distribution system equivalent samples for Cl₃AA and THMs. For plants with and without GAC, simulated distribution samples overestimated readily biodegradable HAAs in distribution systems. The study indicated that through HAA biodegradation, GAC process plays an important role in lowering HAA levels in finished drinking water.     

城市综合污水处理厂出水消毒成本-效益分析

分析研究了污水处理厂出水液氯消毒实验所涉及的成本和效益概念,提出了相应的成本-效益分析的计算方法和计算参数.以无锡市芦村污水处理厂出水为例,30 mg/L有效氯作用30 min时,能杀灭出水中98%的大肠菌群,其实施成本约为730万元/a,而产生的总效益约为1 961万元/a.其中,减少肠道传染病发病的健康效益约767万元/a,减少湖水污染和蓝藻繁殖的环境效益约为1 194万元/a,整个技术的效益-成本比约为2.7∶1.      

顺序氯化消毒工艺的研究

研究了短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序消毒工艺.结果表明,该消毒工艺对指示微生物的灭活效果优于游离氯消毒,游离氯和氯胺存在协同消毒作用;对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f₂噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度比游离氯消毒工艺减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物(DBP)控制方面就越具优势.     

氯及氯胺灭活大肠杆菌的消毒动力学模型

分别研究了游离氯和一氯胺在pH7.0、20℃时对大肠杆菌的灭活作用,利用6种不同消毒动力学模型:Chick’slaw,Chick-Watson,Hom,Rational,Hom-Powerlaw,Selleckmodel对试验数据进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的比较分析得出:在消毒剂符合一级衰减动力学情况下,游离氯和一氯胺灭活大肠杆菌的最佳拟合模型分别是3参数的Rational模型和2参数的Selleck模型.     

Removal of disinfection by-products formation potential by biologically intensified process

The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation ( R^2 = 0.9562 and R^2 = 0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R^2 = 0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV254 ( R^2 = 0.855 and R^2 = 0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.