The use of ionic liquids based on choline chloride for metal deposition: A green alternative?

Ionic liquids are studied intensively for different applications. They tend to be denoted as “green solvents”, largely because of their low vapour pressure. In recent years toxicity and biotoxicity of ionic liquids have also been investigated, which proved that not all of these are “green”. In this paper the use of ionic liquids based on choline chloride and ethylene glycol in electrochemistry is discussed in the context of their use as green solvents. Due to their low toxicity and ready biodegradability, these deep eutectic solvents are promising for the electrodeposition of metals. The influence of the use of these liquids as metal deposition baths on the waste water is investigated. Drag-out was found to be the most influencing parameter on the environmental impact of the process, as it is three times higher compared to classical solutions due to the higher viscosity of the ionic liquid. There are no major changes needed in the rinsing configuration of classic electroplating plants, and ion exchange to remove the metal out of the waste water was not hindered by the presence of the ionic liquid. The formation of by-products during the deposition of metals has to be further investigated and evaluated in consideration of the environmental impact.     

Preparation and luminescence properties of Zn3 （BO3）2 doped with Ce3＋and Mn2＋

采用共沉淀法在700℃和较短的烧结时间下制备了Zn3（BO3）2和不同浓度的Ce3＋、Mn2＋离子掺杂的Zn3（BO3）2纳米晶粉末,对合成产物的发光性质及发光机理进行了研究。利用荧光分光光度计、X射线粉末衍射仪以及透射电镜对其光学性能和纳米晶形貌进行了表征。结果表明Ce3＋离子掺杂的Zn3（BO3）2样品在340～400nm之间有强的荧光发射,其最高发射峰峰位为365nm,在Ce3＋掺量为0.5%（摩尔分数,下同）时发光强度达到最高值。Ce3＋取代Zn2＋离子作为发光中心,Mn2＋离子作为激活剂加入,并不影响荧光发射峰的位置,但能够有效增强其发光强度。当Mn2＋离子掺量为0.7%（摩尔分数）时,Ce3＋、Mn2＋共掺杂的Zn3（BO3）2纳米晶发光强度达到最高值。     

Are calcareous soils in uplands less prone to damage from road salting than acidic soils?

Previous studies of upland roadside soils in Cumbria, that would normally be naturally acidic, have highlighted that (a) runoff from roads subjected to long-term road salting can dramatically raise soil pH down slope in upland areas; (b) the soil pH increase dramatically changes N cycling in soils down slope, increasing mineralisation of organic matter, ammonification, ammonium leaching down slope and nitrification and nitrate leaching; (c) the increase in nitrification substantially increases nitrate leaching to down-slope rivers, and this is readily detectable in field studies; and (d) loss of soil organic matter over decades of salting is so great that organic matter is no longer substantially solubilised by high salt concentrations found in soil solution below road drains. This paper tests and supports the hypothesis that such effects are minimal for more calcareous soil ecosystems. It examines the soil and soil solution chemistry on another Cumbrian upland highway, the A686 near Leadgate, Alston. Sodium % of soil CEC values for soil transects affected by spray containing road salt are similar at both the A6 and A686 sites. However, spatial trends in calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and nitrate concentrations as well as pH differ, as a direct result of the higher weathering rate of parent material and possibly also the presence of limestone walls above both spray-affected and control transects at the A686 site.     

High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor

In this research a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was developed for removing chlorine (Cl) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to favor its pyrolysis treatment. In order to efficiently remove Cl within a limited time before extensive generation of hydrocarbon products, the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was running at 280–320 °C, where hot N₂ was used as fluidizing gas to fluidize the molten polymer, letting the molten polymer contact well with N₂ to release Cl in form of HCl. Experimental results showed that dechlorination efficiency is mainly temperature dependent and 300 °C is a proper reaction temperature for efficient dechlorination within a limited time duration and for prevention of extensive pyrolysis; under this temperature 99.5% of Cl removal efficiency can be obtained within reaction time around 1 min after melting is completed as the flow rate of N₂ gas was set around 0.47–0.85 Nm³ kg^?1 for the molten PVC. Larger N₂ flow rate and additives in PVC would enhance HCl release but did not change the final dechlorination efficiency; and excessive N₂ flow rate should be avoided for prevention of polymer entrainment. HCl is emitted from PVC granules or scraps at the mean time they started to melt and the melting stage should be taken into consideration when design the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor for dechlorination.     

糖精钠生产废水的铁氧体法除铜研究

对糖精钠生产废水实施铁置换法除铜后，废水中仍含有较高浓度的Ｃｕ＾２＋。本研究进一步以铁氧体法除铜。试验条件下，Ｃｕ６２＋的去除率达９８％Ｔ以上，出水Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度低于２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。通过正交试验，找出最佳工艺及操作参数，从而为该类废水的预处理设计及运行管理提供屯依据。     

暴露与养护时间对混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响

随着暴露于实际环境中时间的延长,氯离子在混凝土中的扩散性能逐渐衰减。获取氯离子扩散性能与时间的关系是困难的,而养护时间对混凝土氯离子扩散性能也有影响。通过设计的人工气候环境下暴露和养护时间因素试验,测定了不同配合比、不同养护时间和暴露时间的混凝土中自由氯离子的浓度,并利用Fick第二定律分析了试验混凝土的氯离子扩散系数。分析和试验的结果表明,混凝土扩散系数随着暴露时间和养护时间的延长而降低,而暴露时间对混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响更加明显,且扩散系数的降低幅度有减缓的趋势。     

氯离子对COD测定影响的探讨

研究含有高氯离子样品COD的测定,发现其中的白色沉淀为AgCl。实验结果证明,按照标准方法,当取样体积为20 mL时,按0.4 g HgSO4络合2 000 mg/L Cl-的比例投加掩蔽Cl-可以取得理想的效果。     

天然沸石中离子交换平衡的离子特异性研究

沸石在改良土壤和保护环境等方面有着广泛的应用,研究沸石离子交换中的特异性效应对更好地利用沸石有着重要意义.碱金属离子在天然斜发沸石中的交换平衡时的最大吸附量存在着明显的特异性效应;对于同价的碱金属离子,其交换吸附能力差异随着离子浓度的降低而增大.这种实验现象不能用库仑力、离子体积、水合作用、色散力、经典诱导力以及表面络合等相关理论进行完整解释.分析发现,根本原因来自离子因量子涨落而产生的极化与沸石颗粒表面电荷产生的强电场之间的相互作用,这种相互作用导致了离子间偶极矩差异随着表面电位的升高而增大,进而使离子-表面吸附能差异增大,并出现不同的交换吸附能力.由于沸石表面电荷密度较高,离子体积效应对其在双电层中的分布也起着比较重要的作用,导致碱金属离子在沸石表面的交换平衡结果在高表面电位(绝对值大于0.2 V)下才表现出较大选择性,与低电荷密度表面上的交换平衡结果存在一定差异.     

热水环境中Na+活化斜发沸石吸附钙离子除硬过程研究

本实验以Na+活化天然斜发沸石为吸附剂模拟研究其在工业热水环境中对钙离子(Ca2+)吸附除硬,考察了吸附剂的活化/再生条件、溶液p H等影响因素,并对Ca2+吸附动力学和热力学行为进行了分析探讨.结果表明:1该吸附过程具有准二级动力学特征且更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;2温度升高可有效提升Ca2+吸附效率,而对其最大吸附量影响较小;3过程属化学吸附且为自发、吸热的熵增反应;4建议溶液p H控制在6~10之间,且当初始Ca2+浓度小于20 mg·L-1时活化斜发沸石可再生高效使用9次以上.研究证明活化斜发沸石是一种工业热能动力系统高温在线除硬的理想吸附剂.     

Review on the study of mercury/silver ions-pyrimidine base pairs in DNA duplexes and their application in detection technology北大核心CSCD

Nucleic acids and their analogues are getting more and more attention. Metal-mediated base pairs as a kind of simple and functionalized nucleic acids in special positions have widened the scope of application of functional nucleic acids and their analogues. In this type of base pairs, the representative is the interaction between metal ions and pyrimidine bases, especially the research on thymine-Hg2+-thymine (T-Hg2+-T) and cytosine-Ag+-cytosine (C-Ag+-C) base pairs. This review summarizes the structure and mechanism of metal-mediate pyrimidine base pairs as well as the application in the biochemical analysis. It explores the mode and ratio of coordination between metal ions and base pairs, the effects on the stability of DNA helical structure, the related crystal structure and the three-dimensional configuration information in the DNA helix. The analytical application mainly includes various probes of metal ions, small molecules, protein and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. Among them the most widely used metal ions detection, and its combination with spectrum technology, visualization and amplification technology greatly promoted the rapid development of sensitive detection technology. In further studies, it is necessary to reveal the mechanism of interaction between T-Hg2+-T and C-Ag+-C, and more attention should be paid to combining of T-Hg2+-T and C-Ag+-C base pairs with other new technologies. The scope of practical application should also be further extended.