垃圾渗滤液COD检测方法中Cl~-干扰问题的讨论

化学需氧量(COD)是垃圾渗滤液检测的一项重要指标,渗滤液中高浓度的氯离子(Cl-)对COD检测的干扰问题未引起足够的重视.通过实验对比了重铬酸钾回流法、快速消解分光光度法、碱性高锰酸钾法和紫外分光光度法检测渗滤液COD时的Cl-干扰程度.普遍采用的重铬酸钾回流法,由于Cl-存在干扰,掩蔽剂不能完全有效掩蔽,Cl-≤3550mg·L-1时测量结果并不准确;快速消解分光光度法并没有从根本上消除Cl-的干扰;碱性高锰酸钾法虽能消除Cl-干扰,但氧化效率只有重铬酸钾的60%左右;紫外分光光度法不仅时间短、效率高,还能有效避免Cl-带来的干扰.在COD值≤150mg·L-1的稳定水质中UV254与COD值有较高的显著相关性,相关系数为0.9985;UV365在COD值≤600mg·L-1都有很显著的相关性,相关系数为0.9996.UV365比UV254具有更广的检测范围和更高的COD相关性.     

氯化甲基汞对大鼠脑c-fos和c-jun基因表达的影响

为了研究即刻早期基因c-fos、c-jun在氯化甲基汞(MMC)神经毒性机制中的作用,本研究应用免疫组织化学方法对皮下注射甲基汞5.0mg/kg及0.1mg/kg的大鼠脑区FOS、JUN表达水平进行观察,对照组注射生理盐水.结果表明,急性暴露3h后,暴露组大鼠脑FOS、JUN蛋白表达均高于对照组,从而表明即刻早期基因(IEG)参与了氯化甲基汞对中枢神经系统损害的毒性过程.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液中氯离子的去除研究

开展了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液处理的实验研究,先通过加入氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)_2)、偏铝酸钠(NaAlO_2)初步去除水洗液中的Cl~-,再利用反渗透膜分离技术,探究了浓淡比、操作压力、pH、Cl~-浓度对Cl~-去除效果的影响.结果表明,化学沉淀法初步处理能去除水洗液中约50%的Cl~-,膜分离对经初步处理水洗液中Cl~-的去除率高达93.5%.经过两级处理后,飞灰水洗液中Cl~-的去除率高达96.74%,Cl~-的含量满足排放标准的要求.     

Pb(Ⅱ) biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads: Equilibrium, ion exchange and mechamsm studies

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads.Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and different initial concentration of Pb(Ⅱ) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non-linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However,the adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K~+ and Na~+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(Ⅱ) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Transformation of mercury speciation through the SCR system in power plants

Coal-fired utility boilers are now identified as the largest source of mercury in the United States. There is speculation that the installation of selective catalytic reduction （SCR） system for reduction of NOx can also prompt the oxidation and removal of mercury. In this paper, tests at six full-scale power plants with similar type of the SCR systems are conducted to investigate the effect of the SCR on the transformation of mercury speciation. The results show that the SCR system can achieve more than 70%-80% oxidation of elemental mercury and enhance the mercury removal ability in these units. The oxidation of elemental mercury in the SCR system strongly depends on the coal properties and the operation conditions of the SCR systems. The content of chloride in the coal is the key factor for the oxidization process and the maximum oxidation of elemental mercury is found when chloride content changes from 400 to 600 ppm. The sulfur content is no significant impact on oxidation of elemental mercury.     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

COD催化快速法中氯离子干扰问题及去除方法探讨

COD催化快速法中对测定结果干扰最大的因素是水样中的氯离子浓度。通过对不同氯离子含量的水样进行对照分析 ,讨论其干扰问题 ,从而制定出理想的去除方法 ,使得催化快速法能够快速准确的应用于实际监测中     

蛤蟆通河流域地下水化学特征及控制因素

为研究蛤蟆通河流域水化学特征及主要离子来源,2017年先后采集地下水样品59组,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了蛤蟆通流域地下水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了蛤蟆通流域的水化学演化规律及主要离子来源.结果表明,该区地下水阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的质量分数为22. 1%～72. 4%,平均为48. 7%;阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,占阴离子总量的质量分数为35. 3%～97. 5%,平均为80%; TDS介于93. 3～521. 1 mg·L~(-1),平均值为219. 1 mg·L~(-1),均为淡水;地下水类型以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca·Na型水为主;地下水样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;通过离子来源分析,该区主要离子来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解.     

武汉市洪山区夏季PM2.5浓度、水溶性离子与PAHs成分特征及来源分析

2014年6月12日~7月22日,在武汉市洪山区进行PM2.5采样,分析了夏季PM2.5及其水溶性离子的浓度,并利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)对PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度进行测定,探讨其污染来源及形成机制.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度为36.41~220.02μg·m-3,平均值为97.38μg·m-3,超标率为59.26%,气象因素中风速对其影响较大,随着风速的增加,浓度呈降低趋势;SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4和K+是PM2.5的主要组成成分,占PM2.5质量浓度的40.67%,气溶胶偏酸性;对SO2-4、NO-3的形成过程分析发现其所受的影响因素不同,PM2.5中NH+4主要以NH4HSO4和(NH4)2SO4的形式存在.PM2.5中PAHs日均质量浓度为11.30 ng·m-3,主要是以4、5、6环为主.对PM2.5来源进行分析表明工业废气及汽车尾气的排放为主要污染源,其中燃煤及汽车尾气占83.90%,石油源占10.17%,炼焦排放占5.08%.PAHs总毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)值为0.22~11.19ng·m-3,平均值为1.74 ng·m-3,日均超标率7.41%.     

利用H+浓度变化控制含Cl-的氨氮废水的电解时间

采用电化学间接氧化法处理含Cl^-的中高浓度氨氮废水,针对不同浓度的氨氮废水的电解时间的控制,提出利用废水的H⁺浓度变化控制氨氮废水实际处理时间.从理论计算及对模拟和实际氨氮废水进行电解分析发现：当废水氨氮还没有完全降解时,每一个NH₄⁺降解的过程中会生成一个H⁺,c（H⁺）随着时间线性上升;当氨氮刚好完全降解时,c（H⁺）达到最大值;此后继续电解且废水pH＜7时,电解过程形成的OH^-会持续消耗H⁺,c（H⁺）随着时间线性下降.利用pH计实时监测废水的pH值,通过程控信号转换器进行c（H⁺）与pH值的换算,将pH值信号转化为c（H⁺）信号,可提高决策的准确性和灵敏度.