亚青会期间南京污染气体与气溶胶中水溶性离子的分布特征

使用β射线测尘仪、EMS污染气体监测系统、安德森9级采样器和IC型离子色谱分析仪对2013年8月10~28日南京市亚青会期间PM2.5、污染气体和水溶性离子进行了观测分析.结果表明,在亚青会期间PM2.5、NO2、O3和CO的浓度分别为37.0、19.3、48.1和0.7×103μg·m-3,分别比亚青会前降低了26.0%、42.6%、36.1%和46.1%.亚青会期间,细粒子段主要水溶性离子为Na+、NH+4、Ca2+和SO2-4,占80.6%;粗粒子段主要水溶性离子为Na+、Ca2+、NO-3和SO2-4,占77.9%.Ca2+、Mg2+和NO-3在亚青会期间为双峰型分布,其余离子为三峰型分布;亚青会前和后水溶性离子均为三峰型分布.由NO-3/SO2-4的值判断亚青会前和后南京市SO2和NOx主要来自于移动源,在亚青会期间主要来自固定源.     

Reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential in surface river water by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration

This research was aimed at investigating the reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） by in-line coagulation with 0.1 μm ceramic membrane filtration. The combination of ceramic membrane filtration with a coagulation process is an alternative technology which can be applied to enhance conventional coagulation processes in the field of water treatment and drinking water production. The Ping River water （high turbidity water） was selected as the raw surface water because it is currently the main raw water source for water supply production in the urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai Province. From the investigation, the results showed that the highest percent reductions of DOC, UV-254, and THMFP （47.6%, 71.0%, and 67.4%, respectively） were achieved from in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration at polyaluminum chloride dosage 40 mg/L. Resin adsorption techniques were employed to characterize the DOM in raw surface water and filtered water. The results showed that the use of a ceramic membrane with in-line coagulation was able to most efficiently reduce the hydrophobic fraction （HPOA） （68.5%）, which was then followed by the hydrophilic fraction （HPIA） （49.3%）. The greater mass DOC reduction of these two fractions provided the highest THMFP reductions （55.1% and 37.2%, respectively）. Furthermore, the in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was able to reduce the hydrophobic （HPOB） fraction which is characterized by high reactivity toward THM formation. The percent reduction of mass DOC and THMFP of HPOB by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was 45.9% and 48.0%, respectively.     

接触过滤氧化法处理模拟含铁灰岩水的试验研究

为了解决煤矿灰岩水铁含量高,较难复用的问题,进行了接触过滤氧化法处理模拟含铁原水的试验研究。结果表明:采用石英砂滤料的接触过滤氧化工艺处理铁含量为2.0mg/L的模拟原水除铁效果明显,当气水比为2.0,pH值为7.5~8.0,停留时间小于2~3min,滤速为12.0m/h时,除铁率可达90%以上,滤后水满足铁含量0.3mg/L的井下复用水质要求,且过滤周期长达36h;同时分析得出最大平均催化氧化速率系数为KFe2+=1.50×1011L3mg-3s-1和除铁拟合曲线方程-Ln(Ct/Co)=-0.0011x2+0.0517x+1.748。     

赤水河中下游冬季河水化学空间分布特征分析

通过在枯水期对赤水河中下游干流及其支流共25个河水样品进行水化学采样,水化学分析结果表明:在阴阳离子组成中,Ca2+为主要阳离子,占总阳离子的64%以上;阴离子以HCO3-和SO42-为主,占总阴离子75%~91%,其中HCO3-占51%以上。Gibbs图研究区河水化学组成受岩石风化作用控制,阴阳离子三角图、水化学比值分析表明研究区河水化学组成主要受碳酸盐岩风化作用影响,在下游部分支流存在一定硅酸盐岩风化作用。水化学时空分布的对比分析表明,人为活动的对赤水河流域岩石风化速率和水化学组成产生了一定的影响。     

含溴水臭氧化过程阴离子对溴酸盐生成的影响

为研究常见无机阴离子对含溴水臭氧化过程溴酸盐(Br O-3)生成的影响,本研究通过小试分别考察了不同质量浓度氯离子(Cl-)、碳酸氢根离子(HCO-3)和硫酸根离子(SO2-4)对Br O-3生成的影响,并结合反应过程臭氧衰减、中间产物次溴酸/次溴酸根离子(HOBr/OBr-)生成及总溴浓度变化情况,进一步分析了这3种无机阴离子对Br O-3生成的影响机制.结果表明,以60 min为例,Cl-质量浓度为3~150 mg·L-1的水样Br O-3生成量相对于未投加Cl-条件降低了8.8%~25.7%;反应20min时,SO2-4质量浓度从0 mg·L-1增至30 mg·L-1时,Br O-3生成量减少了63.9%;而当HCO-3质量浓度由0 mg·L-1上升至30 mg·L-1时,Br O-3生成量增加了6.4倍,其质量浓度超过30 mg·L-1,继续投加HCO-3对Br O-3生成量的促进作用提高不大.研究表明,在相同的臭氧投加量和相同的反应时间下,投加Cl-和SO2-4均能抑制臭氧化过程Br O-3的生成,而投加HCO-3能极大地促进Br O-3的生成.     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中氯乙酸研究

建立了测定环境空气中氯乙酸的离子色谱法。采用碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠淋洗液作为吸收液采集大气中氯乙酸,氯乙酸吸收后转化成较稳定的氯乙酸钠,阴离子分离柱分离,过滤后直接进样分析,时间定性,峰高定量．对实际废气样品进行分析,氯乙酸的回收率94．O％-103．7％。当采样体积为30L时,氯乙酸方法最低检出浓度0．01mg/m^3。该方法分析速度快,所需样品量少,无需使用机试剂和有毒有害试剂,前处理简便,灵敏、可靠．适用于环境空气和工业废气中氯乙酸的测定。     

离子色谱法测定空气中五氧化二磷

建立了用离子色谱法测定空气中五氧化二磷的方法。空气中五氧化二磷用过氯乙烯滤膜吸附,与水作用生成正磷酸,阴离子分离柱分离,过滤后直接进样分析,时间定性,峰高定量,其五氧化二磷回收率为91．7％-106．5％,在采样体积为100L的条件下,五氧化二磷最低检出质量浓度为0．01mg／m2。本方法前处理简便,分离度好干扰少,分析灵敏度高,化学试剂使用量少,满足环境监测分析要求。     

锌离子印迹聚合物的合成及固相萃取特性研究

为了达到对溶液中目标痕量金属离子的分离和分析,采用了硅胶表面金属离子印迹聚合技术,活化硅胶表面羟基后,在硅烷偶联剂(APS)存在条件下合成了Zn(Ⅱ)离子印迹聚合硅胶。对其进行表征和吸附、再生等性能及合成机理研究,并将所得Zn(Ⅱ)离子印迹聚合物填充于市售空白小柱制成Zn(Ⅱ)离子印迹聚合物固相萃取小柱,并对其固相萃取性能进行了初步研究表征结果表明,Zn(Ⅱ)成功印迹于活化硅胶表面。与非离子印迹硅胶相比,Zn(Ⅱ)离子印迹聚合硅胶具有更高的选择性,其最大静态吸附容量可达12.87 mg/g,并可反复利用10次以上保持吸附率不低于95%。所得Zn(Ⅱ)离子印迹聚合物固相萃取小柱在不同初始条件下对Hg的相对选择因子可达15.5和13.8。Zn(Ⅱ)离子印迹聚合硅胶是一种新型高效低成本的聚合物,可将其用于水溶液中Zn(Ⅱ)的分离和分析。     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

离子镀铝与离子液体电镀铝涂层性能对比研究

目的对比研究离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层的性能。方法针对高强度钢表面环保表面处理的需求,对比研究300M钢表面离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对两种涂层的表面、断面微观形貌和成分进行表征;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种涂层表面三维形貌和粗糙度进行观察和测量;采用电偶腐蚀测试两种涂层与铝合金的电偶腐蚀性能;采用缺口试样拉伸方法检测两种涂层对300M钢基体氢脆性能的影响;采用5%Na Cl人工海水周浸试验的方法检测两种涂层的耐蚀性能,与电镀镉钛镀层进行对比,采用电化学方法对涂层试验前后的阻抗谱特性进行检测分析。结果两种涂层表面形貌存在较大差异,离子镀铝经过致密化处理后,表面为均匀的圆饼状形貌,致密度很高,粗糙度约为0.88μm,而离子液体电镀铝涂层表面则为圆顶状的凸起物组成,没有明显的孔洞缺陷,粗糙度约为0.71μm;电偶腐蚀测试显示,两种涂层都能够与铝合金相容连接;缺口试样的拉伸试验结果显示,两种涂层的对基体的氢脆性能没有影响;腐蚀试验结果显示,两种涂层对于300M钢基体都具有良好的保护效果,与传统的电镀镉钛相当,具备了未来替代镉类镀层的潜质。结论两种涂层均匀致密,没有明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷,电偶腐蚀性能优异,对300M钢基体都不会产生氢脆隐患,耐蚀性能优异。