背景离子类型和浓度对聚苯乙烯微塑料/铅在饱和石英砂中共运移的影响

为阐明水化学条件对微塑料和重金属运移的影响,初步明确两种环境污染物共运移过程中的耦合效应及其对环境条件的响应机制,研究了背景电解质离子不同价态和浓度组成条件下1μm聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)和Pb²⁺在饱和一维砂柱中的单独及共迁移行为.结果表明:背景离子浓度的增加或价态的升高均会抑制PS-MPs的单独运移能力,当Na⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了1348kT;当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了956kT.PS-MPs/Pb²⁺二元体系中Pb²⁺能降低PS-MPs的迁移能力,背景离子浓度和价态的提升可削弱Pb²⁺对PS-MPs运移能力的抑制性.当Na⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了1100kT;当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了543kT.背景离子浓度的增加或价态的升高能促进Pb²⁺的单独运移能力.PS-MPs/Pb²⁺二元体系中,PS-MPs能够促进Pb²⁺的运移,背景离子浓度较低时,PS-MPs负载Pb²⁺的迁移率较高,反之亦然.对于PS-MPs和Pb²⁺单运移体系,背景阳离子浓度和价态的提升可进一步屏蔽PS-MPs及石英砂表面负电荷,竞争吸附石英砂表面结合位点,抑制PS-MPs运移,促进Pb²⁺运移;对于PS-MPs和Pb²⁺共运移体系,背景离子浓度和价态的提升可通过调节Pb²⁺与PS-MPs及石英砂表面的相互作用,削弱Pb²⁺对PS-MPs迁移能力的抑制作用.背景离子对PS-MPs表面位点的竞争吸附及对电荷的屏蔽效应影响PS-MPs对Pb²⁺的负载迁移能力.     

离子交换树脂在污泥处理中的应用及展望

离子交换树脂(IER)因其不溶性以及可循环利用性被广泛用于废水处理,但目前仍缺乏其对污泥应用研究的综述。本文汇总了污泥中常见IER类型(阳离子交换树脂、阴离子交换树脂以及螯合树脂),并介绍了树脂的基本特性以及适用的污泥方向,其中阳离子交换树脂,尤其是强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂,适用范围最广。IER在污泥中的应用归为4类,分别为去除/回收重金属、回收磷、胞外聚合物提取以及调理污泥,并阐述了基本应用机理以及优缺点。针对IER在污泥中应用的不足,提出未来的研究方向,包括改性或开发新型IER去除/回收污泥中的重金属,优化IER直接回收污泥中磷的方法,改进IER调理污泥的方式以及开发新型分离IER与污泥的手段。本文有助于研究人员更好的了解IER在污水厂污泥中的应用现状,优化IER处理污泥的应用方式以及开发应用于污泥处理的新型IER。     

四氯化钛生产工艺中的新型尾气处理装置

针对四氯化钛生产工艺中传统尾气处理装置的不足进行了完善和优化，优化后的新型尾气处理装置结构简单紧凑，不仅能高效吸收尾气中的氯化氢和氯气，实现尾气达标排放，而且延长了尾气处理系统的运行周期，降低了工人的劳动强度。     

膜系统处理电镀废水实验研究

采用膜系统处理二级排放电镀废水,研究在不同的进水条件与操作条件下,膜系统分离电镀废水中重金属离子及回收废水的效果;研究结果表明:膜系统去除二价及以上重金属离子非常有效,当系统的运行压力为0.65 MPa,进水pH在6～8,进水流量和回流比分别维持在1 m3/h与1.0左右,膜系统对Cr3+、Cu2+、Ni2+去除率分别可达99.3%、98.9%、98.6%;废水回收率达35%,运行成本仅为1.6元/t;运用膜系统处理二级排放电镀废水可产生显著的经济与环境效益。     

造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响

测定分析了造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响.研究结果表明,在造纸废水灌溉条件下,新疆杨体内不同生长部位的钠离子含量均随着灌溉年限的增加逐渐增大,新疆杨体内钠离子含量与土壤中钠离子含量呈显著正相关;新疆杨叶片中钠离子含量明显低于根系中钠离子含量,说明盐碱胁迫下新疆杨叶片耐钠性大于根系耐钠性,新疆杨根系是钠离子累积和外排的主要部位.     

纳米氧化锌对羊角月牙藻毒性效应及其在藻细胞内外的分布

为研究纳米氧化锌(ZnO NP)的毒性效应及其在细胞内外分布,以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为模型藻类,研究了不同浓度ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻生长、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞内外ZnO NP含量变化。结果表明,ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻的生长抑制与处理浓度呈现正相关。在45 mg·L~(-1)ZnO NP暴露24 h后,其生长抑制率已达到95%。当ZnO NP处理藻细胞72 h后,羊角月牙藻细胞的叶绿素含量与处理浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系。低浓度(0.5 mg·L~(-1))ZnO NP处理后藻细胞可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD和POD活性明显下降,MDA含量升高,其产生的毒性效应高于高浓度组(5 mg·L~(-1)、45 mg·L~(-1))。细胞培养液溶出Zn2+量及藻细胞外吸附的ZnO NP量与ZnO NP处理浓度成正比,但是藻细胞内ZnO NP量与ZnO NP浓度没有相关性,胞内积累量基本维持不变。研究表明,各浓度组对藻细胞毒性的差异,不仅与细胞内Zn2+量有关,还与细胞外粘附的ZnO NP有关。     

高密度澄清池除氟中试研究

以聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用高密度回流絮凝澄清池进行饮用水除氟试验。考察了原水水量、氟初始浓度、原水浊度、絮体回流比等因素对除氟效果的影响。结果表明:高密度澄清池具有良好的除氟效果,可使滤后水中氟浓度低于1 mg/L。当絮体回流点位于快速混合处时,回流比为50%时,能提高氟的去除率。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in dated environmental samples,and their connection to known sources

This article investigates available environmental data from measurements of the everywhere present contaminants polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in dated trends in sediment, soil and herbage from locales in Europe and North America. The PCDD/F data are examined in relation to potential major PCDD/F sources based on volume: wood and coal, example of natural combustion; pentachlorophenol (PnCP), example of chlorinated aro‐matics; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, example of chlorinated aliphatic. Collected PCDD/F data of congener sums and 2, 3, 7, 8‐substituted congener (PCDD/F profiles) have been investigated with multivariate methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares projection to latent structures model (PLS). The results show that PCDD/F data from 12 locales can be separated in one to three independent profiles. Normally one profile is related to the PCDD/F found in PnCP and another to combustion. A subtype of the ‘PnCP’ and ‘combustion’ profiles indicates PCDD/F contributions from PVC‐related combustions. The environmental profiles exhibit some differences from the suggested sources. The relatively unprotected PCDD/F related to PnCP is suggested to have passed photolytic and/or thermal dechlorinations. Lower‐chlorinated congeners in environmental profiles related to combustion appear to have been influenced by environmental distribution processes. PCDD/F data before industrial production of chlorinated organics have only limited similarity to PCDD/F in technical PnCP profiles; an average 4.6% of the PCDD/F is related to PnCP. This suggests that PnCP similarity in recent deposition profiles cannot be a result of environmental transformation. The average proportion of PnCP‐related PCDD/F profile in recent depositions is 35% with North America high (average 57%) and Europe low (average 24%).     

Mercuric chloride induced proteotoxicity and structural destabilization in marine fish (Therapon jarbua)

The reaction byproducts derived from lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were measured in tissues of marine fish (Therapon jarbua) exposed to mercuric chloride (HgCl) in water dispersions of 0.125 or 0.25 ppm. LPO was significantly increased in various tissues relative to control values after 96-h exposure. SOD and GPx activities significantly decreased after exposure to first two doses but significantly elevated CAT in Dose II kidney and liver tissues. The elevated levels of LPO, decreased activities of SOD and GPx, and increased CAT activities in all tissues examined in T. jarbua are an index of oxidative stress in fish. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the structural deformation in HgCl₂-exposed animals. These observations suggest that HgCl acts as a mediator in free radical generation. The increase in CAT and decrease in SOD and GPx activities in these tissues may be an adaptive response.