6种挥发性有机物在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能

利用振荡摇瓶法测定了6种典型挥发性有机物,甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、苯和氯苯在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,在本研究的液相浓度范围内(甲苯＜174mg/L,邻二甲苯＜149mg/L,间二甲苯＜129mg/L,对二甲苯＜133mg/L,苯＜234mg/L,氯苯＜146mg/L),3种二甲苯、苯和氯苯的降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而增加,符合一级反应,这5种VOCs未对微生物产生明显的抑制或毒害作用;甲苯的液相浓度大于85mg/L时,其降解速率不随初始浓度的增大而改变,其降解规律符合Monod方程.     

Predicting the acute lethality of a chlorinated benzene mixture in soils: a comparison of solid-phase microextraction,body residue,and solvent extraction techniques

When predicting the adverse effect(s) of chemical pollution on an exposed organism, a measurement of body residue is often considered a more accurate estimate of dose than those estimates derived from a solvent extraction or solid-phase microextraction of the polluted exposure medium. The magnitude of this perceived difference in accuracy, and thus the accuracy of the corresponding toxicity prediction, were investigated in the present two-phase study. In Phase I, an acute lethality response was correlated with dose estimates derived from body residue, solvent extraction, and SPME. In Phase II, acute lethality was predicted from Phase I data. The accuracy of Phase II toxicity predictions was determined by comparing predicted mortality to observed mortality. Although this study revealed that body residue indeed provided the most accurate prediction of toxicity, the margin of this comparatively greater accuracy suggests that alternative methods may provide equally viable dose estimates and, subsequently, equally viable toxicity predictions.     

Gas chromatographic studies of chlorinated phenols,chlorinated anisoles,and chlorinated phenylacetates

The g.l.c. retention times of all chlorinated phenols, anisoles, and phenylacetates on different capillary columns are presented. The relative retention times of the chlorinated phenols are discussed with reference to their pK_a values and their toxicities.     

Project tocoen. The fate of selected organic pollutants in the environment—iv. soil,earthworms and vegetation 1988

The samples of soils, earthworms and vegetation (needles, lichens, mosses) were collected for the realization of Project TOCOEN (Toxic Organic Compounds in the ENvironment). The samples were collected from three TOCOEN model areas in Czechoslovakia—one city and two rural areas. The samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides (C1‐PEST) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).     

Determination and QSPR analysis of log Kow and log Koc for fluorine containing benzene derivatives

Octanol‐water partition coefficients (Kow) and soil organic carbon sorption coefficients (Koc) were determined for 14 fluorinated benzene derivatives. Quantitative structure‐property relationships were developed using molecular connectivity indices and quantum chemical parameters to analyze the most significant factors influencing these physico‐chemical properties of the compounds. The substitution by F in benzene derivatives has greater influence on Koc than on Kow.     

土壤中短链氯化石蜡的气相色谱-电子捕获负化学电离-质谱分析方法

通过考察层析柱对测定短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)干扰物去除效果的影响,结合实际土壤样品的净化需求,建立了一套适合分析土壤中SCCPs的前处理方法.土壤样品使用索氏抽提,采用硅胶复合柱和弗罗里硅土柱净化,运用气相色谱-质谱(ECNI源)检测SCCPs.SCCPs的仪器定量限为100—600 pg.μL-1.空白加标和基质加标中SCCPs的回收率分别为130%±8.50%和108%±17.8%(SD,n=3).利用该方法分析了采自广州市郊区的6个土壤样品,其SCCPs的含量范围为12.9—34.5 ng.g-1,平均值为26.1 ng.g-1.     

土壤理化性质对污染场地环境风险不确定性的影响

以某化工污染场地中挥发性有机物苯的环境风险评价为例,研究了土壤有机质含量、土壤含水率、土壤容重等理化性质对风险评价结果的影响.在土壤污染物苯浓度不变的前提下,土壤有机质含量、土壤含水率和土壤容重在场地条件下随机取值的变异范围分别为0.31%～2.31%、0.12～0.25和1.25～1.75 g/cm3.10 000次蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95%置信水平下,苯的总致癌风险(概率值)在1.45×10-5～2.74×10-5之间.在该场地条件下,土壤有机质含量是影响苯风险不确定性的最主要因素,其对风险评价结果不确定性的贡献率高达90.2%;土壤含水率和土壤容重的贡献率分别为5.6%和4.2%.因此,在土壤污染健康风险评价过程中,应对理化参数进行敏感性分析,对评价结果影响较大的关键参数取值需慎重.      

污水处理过程中苯系物和氯代烃三相分布规律

为研究污水处理过程中曝气对苯系物中苯、甲苯和二甲苯以及氯代烃中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯去除的影响,设计了2个反应器,模拟污水处理过程,一个为活性污泥反应器,另一个为没有活性污泥的对照反应器.结果表明,在液相中,30.6%的TOC未经微生物降解而直接因曝气逸散到气相.苯系物的逸散比例达到了100%;三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯的逸散比例分别为27.5%、39.0%、42.4%和38.5%.同时利用密闭水箱研究了生物处理单元中苯系物和氯代烃三相分布规律.在厌氧阶段,固相中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯占总量比例分别为38.7%、43.6%、38.0%、28.8%、24.3%、15.3%和20.5%.在曝气阶段,苯系物全部被去除,氯代烃总量略有下降.二沉池阶段,固相中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯占总质量的比例分别为5.2%、20.1%、6.8%和0%.      

胶束形态对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)增溶典型苯系物行为的影响

研究了30℃条件下,浓度为1.2×10-4mol·l-1—2.88×10-2mol·l-1的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)溶液的吸光度及相应浓度条件时对典型苯系物(苯、甲苯和乙苯)的增溶作用.利用表面活性剂的紫外吸收随浓度变化这一特性,从其不同的拐点处求得CTAB的第一、第二临界胶束浓度分别为7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1.在实验浓度范围内,CTAB溶液对苯、甲苯和乙苯的表观溶解度增溶曲线上同样得到两个拐点,即苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,甲苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和7.2×10-3mol·l-1以及乙苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,这与第一、第二临界胶束浓度相等或相近.由于溶液中CTAB胶束形态随浓度增加而变化,表明胶束形态对CTAB增溶苯系物的行为有显著影响。     

天津塘沽海滨浴场沉积物中POPs的垂直分布

应用GC-MS对渤海湾潮间带天津塘沽海滨浴场沉积物中的多环芳烃、有机氯农药、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚等持久性有机污染物的垂直分布进行了研究.4类污染物的污染水平依次为PAHs>OCPs>PCBs>PBDEs,其质量分数范围分别为113.1～1 040.0和7.6～118.1 ng/g,715.0～7 048.3和10.0～158.2 pg/g(以干质量计). 在0～50 cm深度,w(PAHs)相对较高且变化较大,50 cm以下深度,w(PAHs)逐渐降低且变化较小.在测定的16种PAHs中w(菲)最高,并随深度的增加而降低.污染源解析表明,PAHs的污染主要来自石油输入和煤、木炭等的燃烧. OCPs的垂直分布与PAHs类似,在定量的20种OCPs中,w(HCB)最高,其次是w(HCHs)和w(DDTs);研究表明HCHs和DDT没有新的输入. 在0～70 cm深度,w(PCBs)低且变化小,70～80 cm深度突增1个数量级. w(PBDEs)较w(PCBs)低1个数量级,在5～10 cm深度污染水平最高.