微波无极紫外方法对二沉池出水的消毒研究

采用自制微波无极紫外连续式消毒反应器,对二沉池出水进行消毒.紫外光源为自制圆柱形无极灯,灯内充汞10mg、氩气压强666.61Pa紫外光强5.07mW/cm²,进水流量0.072L/s,出水细菌总数2CFU/mL,大肠菌群数0.微波无极紫外作用过程中,微波破坏细胞壁细胞膜结构使蛋白质、K⁺等胞内物质产生渗漏,这种不可逆的破坏过程有效抑制紫外光复活现象.     

Bactericidal effects of adsorbent on Escherichia coli for use in disinfection of drinking water

A synergistic action of silver (Ag) and groundnut husk carbon was shown, which markedly enhanced inactivation of Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a silver-impregnated groundnut husk carbon adsorbent (AdSG) for drinking water disinfection and evaluate % disinfection of E. coli. The results showed that contact of bacterial cells with AdSG resulted in a transfer of Ag ion to the cell, as evidenced by bactericidal activity. It is also possible that Ag produced generation of reactive oxygen species in the cell that led to bactericidal activity of the adsorbent. Data indicated that AdSG was effective as a bactericidal agent and may prove to be economically beneficial in drinking water disinfection.     

氯胺消毒管网“三氮”与总氯变化的预测模型

为探讨氯胺消毒供水管网的水质问题,建立了一种试验规模的氯胺消毒供水管网水质模拟系统。基于质量守恒原理和双Monod方程建立了该系统的硝化与氯胺衰减动力学耦合模型,并通过试验对该模型进行了验证。模型中的部分参数采用非线性多项式回归方法进行估计。应用该模型确定了活性氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的数量。该模型对管网模拟系统内氨氮、硝酸盐氮与总氯的预测值与实测值基本一致,但对亚硝酸盐氮的预测值与实测值存在较大偏差。     

高锰酸盐复合剂对三卤甲烷生成形态的影响

研究了高锰酸盐复合剂(PPC)对腐殖酸氯化过程中三卤甲烷生成量及生成形态的影响.结果表明,高锰酸盐复合剂氧化增加了腐殖酸氯化过程中三卤甲烷生成量和水样的卤代活性,增加了腐殖酸氯化的反应速度,在PPC投加量为0.75mg·l~(-1)时,卤代活性由原来的18.1μg·mg~(-1)升至26.6μg·mg~(-1).Br~-的浓度对三卤甲烷生成量及生成形态影响较大,随着Br~-离子浓度增加,三卤甲烷生成量及溴代甲烷的相对含量升高.高锰酸盐复合剂氧化改变了水样加氯消毒时三卤甲烷的形态分布,降低了溴代甲烷在三卤甲烷中的含量.高锰酸盐复合剂与混凝工艺相结合时,可显著降低三卤甲烷的生成量,如高锰酸盐复合剂投量为1mg·l~(-1)时,可使THMs降低到26.3μg·l~(-1).     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

化学辅助方法用于剩余污泥减量的研究

最近,基于化学氧化和解偶联的污泥减量新方法得到更深人研究。回顾了化学辅助方式减少剩余污泥产生的方法,包括碱（酸）-加热处理,活性污泥-自氧工艺,氯-活性污泥工艺,新陈代谢解偶联和高浓度溶解氧方法。     

亚氯酸盐对三代大鼠的胚胎毒性

通过三代染毒实验,研究了亚氯酸盐对Wistar大鼠的长期胚胎毒性.结果表明:亚氯酸盐对胎鼠的内脏、骨骼发育无影响,没有表现出致畸作用,但长期摄入120,360mg/L亚氯酸盐可导致胎鼠体重减轻.亚氯酸盐对胎鼠的无明显副作用剂量为30mg/L,由实验结果可推算饮用水中亚氯酸盐最大污染水平目标值推算为1.1mg/L.     

Catalytic ozonation of organic compounds in water over the catalyst of RuO2/ZrO2-CeO2

This research investigates the performances of RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ in catalytic ozonation for water treatment. The results show that RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ was active for the catalytic ozonation of oxalic acid and possessed higher stability than RuO₂/Al₂O₃ and Ru/AC. In the catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ did not enhance the DMP degradation rate but significantly improved the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate. The TOC removal in catalytic ozonation was 56% more than that in noncatalytic ozonation. However this does not mean the catalyst was very active because the contribution of catalysis to the overall TOC removal was only 30%. The adsorption of the intermediates on RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ played an important role on the overall TOC removal while the adsorption of DMP on it was negligible. This adsorption difference was due to their different ozonation rates. In the catalytic ozonation of disinfection byproduct precursors with RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂, the reductions of the haloacetic acid and trihalomethane formation potentials (HAAFPs and THMFPs) for the natural water samples were 38%–57% and 50%–64%, respectively. The catalyst significantly promoted the reduction of HAAFPs but insignificantly improved the reduction of THMFPs as ozone reacts fast with the THMs precursors. These results illustrate the good promise of RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ in catalytic ozonation for water treatment.     

不同管材对氯胺消毒副产物生成与水质生物稳定性的影响

模拟考察了上海某水厂出厂水在不同输配管网体系中水质的变化规律,研究了管材和氯胺投加量对输配过程水质变化的影响.结果表明,不同输配管网体系氯胺的衰减速率总体上符合如下规律:镀锌管>铜管>不锈钢管>聚乙烯管(PE管)>三型聚丙烯管(PPR管),季节因素对氯胺衰减速率影响较大,秋冬季节氯胺衰减的速率显著降低;消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的生成规律为:PE管?PPR管>玻璃管>不锈钢管>铜管>镀锌管;五种管材中异氧菌总数(HPC)的生长数量为:镀锌管>>PE管>不锈钢管>PPR管>铜管;铜管和PE管中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)显著高于其余管材及出厂水.     

复合混凝剂混凝-超滤-氯消毒处理模拟原水的研究

采用聚合氯化铝-聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PAC-PDMDAAC)复合混凝剂处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样,对混凝出水进行超滤处理,研究了混凝剂投药量及进水pH值对处理效果的影响;出水用NaClO溶液进行了氯消毒实验,用一级模型进行了氯衰减数据拟合,计算得出了快速反应物与慢速反应物的初始浓度.结果表明,在要求出水中消毒副产物前驱物浓度最小的前提下,混凝与混凝-超滤所要求的投药量及进水pH值有所不同.混凝过程中残余絮体的粒径分布显示,残余絮体的粒径较小且分布集中时,混凝出水中消毒副产物前驱物浓度最低;残余絮体的粒径在粒径较小的区域有一定的分布,在粒径较大的区域有较高体积百分数时,混凝-超滤出水中消毒副产物前驱物浓度最低.