Unlocked disinfection by-product formation potential upon exposure of swimming pool water to additional stimulants

• Swimming pool water was studied for DBPs upon exposure to additional stimulants. • DBP formation could be induced by residual chlorine and extended incubation. • Urine led to a massive formation of chloroform with additional stimulants. • Reactions between chlorine and anthropogenic organics were slow and long-lasting. • Urine control and air ventilation should be on the priority list for pool management. Anthropogenic organics are known to be responsible for the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool water (SPW). The research explored an important scenario of SPW with no additional anthropogenic organic input. With stimulations by residual chlorine or additional chlorine and extended incubation, the formation of DBPs, especially chloroform, was significantly induced. Similar observations were found by investigating synthetic SPW made with sweat and urine. The presence of urine led to a massive formation of chloroform, as noted by an approximate 19-fold increase after 165-day incubation with a shock chlorine dose. The research suggests that consistent residual chlorine and long water retention as two typical features of SPW could unlock the DBP formation potential of anthropogenic organics. Thus, limiting the introduction of anthropogenic organics may not have an immediate effect on reducing DBP levels, because their reactions with chlorine can be slow and long-lasting. Pool management should prioritize on control of urine and improving air ventilation. This work is useful to deepen understandings about DBP formation in SPW and provide implications for pool management and prospective legislation.     

电厂温排水对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟研究

以水华藻种铜绿微囊藻为例,在实验室内模拟内陆电厂温排水中温升和游离余氯的联合作用,研究其对铜绿微囊藻生长与光合活性的影响.结果表明,在适宜铜绿微囊藻生长的温度范围内,一定程度的温升会促进其生长,且水域温度本底值较低时,温升更有利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.铜绿微囊藻对游离余氯非常敏感,在大于0.1mg/L情况下,光合活性会下降,抑制作用非常明显,联合作用下,温升对于0.1mg/L游离余氯作用下铜绿微囊藻光合活性的恢复具有一定的促进作用,对于0.2mg/L作用下则没有.电厂排水口铜绿微囊藻会受到很强烈的抑制作用,藻细胞受到严重破坏,当加氯方式为连续加氯时,0.1mg/L余氯作用下的水域,微囊藻生长也会受到抑制.     

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.     

气体二氧化氯爆炸特性参数的测定

利用20L圆柱形可燃气体(蒸气)爆炸测试实验装置,用预先配制好浓度的盐酸溶液和亚氯酸钠溶液现场发生反应生成二氧化氯气体,对二氧化氯气体爆炸特性参数进行测定。采用TST6150动态数据储存仪和压力传感器等实验设备获得了高清晰度的二氧化氯气体爆炸压力变化曲线。通过综合分析实验结果,得到了二氧化氯气爆炸极限和爆炸压力变化规律。根据该研究结果,对于预防二氧化氯气体爆炸事故的发生提供数据参考,对指导安全生产和使用,均具有实际意义。     

再生水做景观用水使用含氯消毒剂消毒的副产物及安全性

再生水消毒后主要作为城市杂用水利用,消毒副产物及其毒性的研究非常重要.在浓度为 5～8 mg/L 的消毒剂(ClO2、HClO)量下,灭菌率能够达到 100%.2 种消毒体系均产生少量ClO2-、ClO3-和CHCl3,对检验用水生生物未产生毒性.适当的选择消毒剂浓度,控制反应条件,能够实现再生水的安全回用.     

对含不同添加剂的细水雾洗消氯气的实验研究

采用小尺度模拟实验,对含有NaOH、Ca（OH）2、Na2CO3、FeCl2等不同添加剂的细水雾和纯细水雾进行氯气洗消对比实验,系统比较了各种浓度的添加剂对洗消效率的影响。研究发现：含添加剂的细水雾克服了纯细水雾对氯气洗消效率不高、洗消不彻底等的不足,可以在较大程度上减少洗消剂用量和洗消时间。但添加剂的加入,却改变了细水雾的特性及理化性质等,因此需要根据实际的氯气泄漏情况,选择合适的洗消添加剂。     

采油废水中硫酸盐还原菌的二氧化氯杀灭实验研究

废水中硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB)所造成的注水系统的腐蚀、结垢和阻塞严重影响着原油的开发与生产。以二氧化氯作为氧化型杀菌剂杀灭SRB的实验结果表明 ,ClO2 对SRB具有很强的灭菌能力 ;ClO2 投量C >1 0mg/L时就能满足回注水的要求 ;适宜的接触反应时间为t>4 0min ;相应地有Ct>4 0 ;对ClO2 的杀菌机理进行了探讨 ,研究成果将为今后油田水处理工艺的改造提供理论依据和技术支持     

Impact of chlorine exposure time on disinfection byproduct formation in the presence of iopamidol and natural organic matter during chloramination

Chloramines,in practice,are formed onsite by adding ammonia to chlorinated drinking water to achieve the required disinfection.While regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are reduced during chloramine disinfection,other DBPs such as iodinated(iodo-)DBPs,that elicit greater toxicity are formed.The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of prechlorination time on the formation of both halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX)and iodo/chlorinated(chloro-)DBPs during prechlorination/chloramination in source waters(SWs)containing iopamidol,an X-ray contrast medium.Barberton SW(BSW)and Cleveland SW(CSW)containing iopamidol were prechlorinated for 5–60 min and afterwards chloraminated for 72 hr with ammonium chloride.Chlorine contact time(CCT)did not significantly impact total organic iodine(TOI)concentrations after prechlorination or chloramination.Concentrations of total organic chlorine(TOCl)formed during prechlorination did not significantly change regardless of pH and prechlorination time,whileTOClappearedtodecreaseafter 72 hrchloraminationperiod.Dichloroiodomethane(CHCl_2I)formation during prechlorination did not exhibit any significant trends as a function of p H or CCT,but after chloramination,significant increases were observed at pHs 6.5 and 7.5 with respect to CCT.Iodo-HAAs were not formed during prechlorination but were detected after chloramination.Significant quantities of chloroform(CHCl_3)and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA)were formed during prechlorination but formation ceased upon ammonia addition.Therefore,prechlorination studies should measure TOX and DBP concentrations prior to ammonia addition to obtain data regarding the initial conditions.     

钙化合物的种类对脱氯特性的影响

以PVC为HCl的释放源，采用热重法对不同气氛下各种钙化合物的脱氯特性进行了研究，探讨了各种钙化物的脱氯机理以及脱氯效率。结果表明和PVC作为氯化氢的释放源是可行的。3种钙化物中氢氧化钙的脱氯效果最好。氧化钙与氢氧化钙的脱氯机理基本相似。各种钙化物在不同气氛下的脱氯机理是不同的。燃烧状态下，在高温段钙化物脱氯产物氯化钙有分解迹象。     

硫脲紫外退色分光光度法测水中余氯

氯氧化硫脲使硫脲退色.一定条件下,硫脲紫外吸收的降低与水中余氯浓度成正比.依据这一特性建立了硫脲紫外退色分光光度法测定水中余氯的新方法.在pH值为1～6介质中,选择237 nm作为测定波长,则氯浓度在0～8.0 mg/L范围服从比尔定律.检测限为O.015 mg/L,水中常见的离子不干扰测定.该法用于自来水、游泳池水等样品中余氯浓度的测定,快速简便,加标回收率在98%～103%之间.