模拟配水管网中管材和余氯对生物膜形成的影响

以环状生物膜挂片反应器(BAR)模拟实际管网,研究了有氯、无氯2种原水情况下,镀锌钢、铸铁、不锈钢、PE、UPVC5种管材上细菌的生长规律.结果表明,单位面积最大细菌数,镀锌钢>铸铁>UPVC>不锈钢>PE;在无氯原水的试验中,达到单位面积最大细菌数所需天数,镀锌钢>(铸铁、不锈钢)>UPVC,PE管上细菌没有较大增加.加氯可控制镀锌钢、PE、UPVC上细菌的生长速度,此外,3种金属管材会发生锈蚀,引起水浊度、色度上升;PE是防止微生物在管壁生长最理想的管材;不锈钢则是值得选择的金属材料.     

两段式处理医院高浓度含氰废水的研究

以医院排放高浓度含氰(CN-)废水为研究对象,采用“硫酸亚铁+曝气”初级化学处理和ClO2二级深度氧化处理相结合的处理模式,不仅使含氰废水实现无毒化处理,而且使高浓度含氰废水实现资源化回收利用。试验表明,处理后的废水中CN-浓度达到国家排放标准GB8978-1996中的一级标准,为医院高浓度含氰废水的治理提供了一种新的方法。     

污水氯、二氧化氯消毒处理中水质及毒性变化的比较

分别从水质和毒性2方面比较了氯、二氧化氯消毒对污水的影响.结果表明:在水质特性方面,氯消毒对污水色度影响不大,而二氧化氯消毒明显降低了污水的色度;氯、二氧化氯消毒前后污水的DOC基本没有变化;氯消毒后污水的UV₂₃₀明显增加,二氧化氯消毒后污水的UV₂₃₀略有降低,当二者投加量均为30mg/L时,氯消毒使污水的UV₂₃₀增加约0.7cm^-1,二氧化氯消毒使污水的UV₂₃₀降低约0.05cm^-1.在毒性生成方面,氯、二氧化氯消毒产生的急性毒性均随消毒剂投加量的增加而增大,氯消毒产生的急性毒性明显高于二氧化氯消毒;氯消毒在一定程度上增大了污水的遗传毒性,而二氧化氯消毒在一定程度上降低了污水的遗传毒性.     

几种常见氧化剂对水中摇蚊幼虫氧化杀灭效能的试验研究

进行了几种水处理氧化剂———氯气、二氧化氯、臭氧对水体中摇蚊幼虫灭活效果的试验研究,并对原水中摇蚊幼虫经二氧化氯预氧化、混凝沉淀后的灭活效果进行了考察.结果表明,二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的灭活效果受水体pH值、有机物含量和藻类含量影响较小,与其它2种氧化剂相比,二氧化氯对原水中摇蚊幼虫具有更好的灭活作用;混凝烧杯实验证实,原水中的摇蚊幼虫经混凝沉淀后,与矾花沉降,不会对沉后的水产生影响;并且二氧化氯投加量1.0mg·L-1时,摇蚊幼虫在24h内死亡,投加量2.0mg·L-1时,死亡时间为6h;采用预投二氧化氯的水处理工艺可以起到控制摇蚊幼虫在沉淀池中孳生的作用.     

化学品突发性事故预测的不确定性分析

介绍化学品突发性事故预测的不确定性概率统计和模糊数学分析方法。对参数和模式的不确定性分别进行了讨论,计算机系统包括化学品常用数据库、事故识别模块,事故后果分析模块和不确定性分析模块,对液氯泄漏排放事故、液化气（丙烷）两相闪蒸爆炸和管道煤气（CO）泄漏伤害模式实例进行了分析。对连续源和瞬时源的讨论说明泄漏时间的确定对事故分析极为重要。     

海南万宁试验站大气环境及腐蚀特征研究

通过一些数据资料,分析研究了海南万宁试验站的大气环境与腐蚀特征,讨论了其环境因素对大气腐蚀的影响,充分证明了海南万宁站作为热带湿热海洋性环境试验站的典型性．     

Assessing water quality of drinking water distribution system in the South Taiwan

This investigation conducted a full-scale survey the drinking water distribution system in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The aim was to investigate whether the distribution system was capable of maintaining high water quality from the water treatment facilities through to the end user. The results showed that the distribution system can maintain high water quality, except for suitable chlorine residuals. The authors plotted chlorine residual contour maps to identify areas with low chlorine residuals, helping them prioritize sections that must be flushed or renewal. The contour maps also provide sufficient and clear information for locating booster chlorination stations. Contour maps enable water facilities to identify how water quality decays in the distribution systems and the locations of such decay. Water quality decay can be caused by properties of pipeline materials, hydraulic conditions, and/or biofilm thickness. However, understanding the exact reasons is unnecessary because the contour maps provide sufficient information for trouble-shooting the distribution systems.     

Dioxin formation in pulp and paper mills of India

Samples of effluents, sludge, pulp, final products (paper) and soil were collected from the identified pulp and paper mills in India. The samples were analysed for 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and other dioxin congeners and precursors. Pulp and paper mills using chlorine for the bleaching process showed the presence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in effluent samples. In the effluent and pulp samples from mills where chlorine dioxide was used as a bleaching agent, the 2,3,7,8-TCDD congener ranged from below the detection limit 0.05 to 0.12 ngL⁻¹/ngg⁻¹. The relative standard deviation of reproducibility and the percent recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were 2.07 and 82.4% in pulp and 2.8 and 92% in effluent, respectively. The 1,3,6,8-TCDD was the only other major dioxin congener found in the treated and untreated effluent and sludge samples. However, dichlorobenzene, trichlorophenyl, and hexachlorobiphenyl were detected in all samples. The formation of dioxins can be minimised by replacing chlorine with chlorine dioxide in bleaching processes in pulp and paper mills.     

A conceptual approach to selection of a control measure for residual chlorine discharge in Kuwait bay

It is estimated that some 17 metric tons of residual oxidants (chlorine) are discharged into the enclosed coastal seawater of Kuwait on a daily basis from power-desalination plants alone. Alarmed by the unlimited number of reported cases of damage to marine aquatic systems due to chlorine discharge around the world, several alternatives were proposed to control such a massive discharge of residual oxidant into seawaters. Most of the proposed alternatives lacked the basic criteria necessary for their evaluation, justification, and then selection. The objective of this article is to provide a conceptual approach that can be used to select a control measure for residual oxidant discharge in Kuwait coastal seawaters. This approach is based on state-of-the-art knowledge and the unique operational and environmental factors involved. A matrix system was designed whereby the cost of residual chlorine control alternative, its effectiveness, and environmental and public health impact, performance, and reliability in Kuwait can be compared and evaluated. The selection approach considered currently operating power plants in terms of their engineering design and material (cast iron or steel condensers), current operational conditions, operator's perception, acceptability, and projected problems associated with the environmental management of proposed modifications. The proposed approach revealed that in Kuwait, conventinal chlorination was marginally superseded only by chlorination/dechlorination using SO₂ and operation alteration using process optimization. The overall cost-effective assessment matrix classified other alternatives as worse than chlorination by various degrees. Ozone and UV were found to be the worst and the least desirable alternatives for biofouling control of seawater in Kuwait. In light of the available information on the consequences of the Gulf War on the marine environment, and the potential formation of additional halogenated organic compounds through the reaction of residual chlorine with the released petroleum hydrocarbons, it is essential to control residual chlorine discharged into the nearshore environment of Kuwait.     

铁床／二氧化氯组合工艺处理蒽醌类染料废水

针对某染料厂蒽醌染料生产过程中排放的废水，具有COD、色度、酸度均较高的特点，采用铁床／二氧化氯组合工艺处理，废水水质得到了较好的处理，达到了当地污水处理厂的接管标准。