饮用水中卡马西平的臭氧和二氧化氯降解研究

采用臭氧(O3)和二氧化氯(ClO2)2种消毒方式对饮用水中卡马西平(CBZ)进行氧化降解,考察了不同影响因素(pH值、温度)条件下的氧化动力学,并通过对CBZ降解副产物的确定推测了2种消毒条件下CBZ的降解途径.结果表明,序批式条件下O3和ClO2对CBZ的降解均遵循二级反应动力学.pH值的升高对CBZ的O3和ClO2降解有负面效果;在10 ～ 25℃范围内,温度对CBZ的O3降解速率常数影响较小,但CBZ的ClO2降解速率常数随温度升高显著升高.采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS对CBZ的O3和ClO2降解前后样品溶液进行扫描,均检测到8种降解中间产物,2种氧化方式主要通过环化加成、亲电取代(羟基化和氯取代)及杂环上的重排等途径来实现对CBZ结构的破坏.     

DPD分光光度法测定水质中余氯的方法研究

采用行业标准DPD分光光度法(HJ 568-2010)测定水中的游离余氯,验证了去掉第一点的低浓度曲线的有效性。分别比较不同的显色时间对吸光度的影响,结果表明显色时间应控制在10min以内。     

可持续发展和公平效率的统一性

本文主要论述了把效率与公平的统一纳入可持续发展之中的新观念。首先阐述了可持续发展的深刻内涵及思想本质,然后论述了可持续发展的公平观(当代人之间的公平及代际公平),以及可持续发展的效率现。用可持续发展及“三个效益”统一的指导思想和观点,综合论述了可持续发展和公平、效率的统一性。     

CASING AND LEAK DEPTHS,AND SOLUTE TRAVEL TIMES TO WELLS1

ABSTRACT: A mathematical solution based on porous media flow is developed for solute travel time to a well as affected by a leak around the upper part of the casing. Consider a well of radius 0.2 meters (m) penetrating, fully, a semiconfined aquifer of thickness 6 m with impermeable casing length of 4.5 m, and screened casing length 1.5 m. Around the upper 1.5 m of the impermeable casing length, there is a highly permeable region (a leak). The radius of influence of the well is 10 m. The porous flow medium has a hydraulic conductivity of 10 m/day and a porosity of 0.25. Between the water table and the water level in the well, there is a steady state pumped down head difference of 0.3 m. Solute travel time from a point at the bottom of the leak to the well is 2.33 days. If the leak is sealed (grouted), the travel time is 6.24 days. Examples of six different geometries are given. Laboratory studies verify the theory. The computations should be useful in the design and protection of water wells from solutes, such as from agriculture, industry, strip mines, or sanitary landfills.     

消除氯离子对CODcr快速仪法干扰的实验

氯离子浓度高于５００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对ＣＯＤｃｒ的测定呈混浊干扰,通过加入ＨｇＳＯ４络合氯离子,可消除氯离子含量达２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的干扰,过量的ＨｇＳＯ４对ＣＯＤｃｒ结果无影响。     

CAGED FISH AS MONITORS OF POLLUTION: EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED EFFLUENT FROM A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT1

ABSTRACT: Fish confined to cages were used to determine the effects of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Control fish were kept in cages in an aquaculture pond. Acute effects of the effluent entering the final oxidation pond of the WWTP were determined by confining channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at the pond inlet; the mean total residual chlorine (TRC) concentration was 0.9 mg/l during this exposure. After 8 h, 42 percent of the fish had died and survivors had severe lesions of the skin and gills. During the first two weeks of exposure, channel catfish at the outlet of the final oxidation pond (mean TRC=0.1 mg/l) were predisposed to bacterial infection but lost the parasitic trematodes that were on the gills when the fish were placed in cages. After several weeks, exposed fish had histologic lesions, enlarged livers, and reduced growth. The presence of unidentified carcinogen(s) in the effluent of this WWTP was indicated by papillomas developing on caged black bullheads (Ictalurus melas) and hepatic-enzyme induction in channel catfish. In situ exposure of caged fish was advantageous because storage and pretreatment of water samples were not required, and exposure levels corresponded to those present in the environment. The use of cages for containment of fish during field exposure allowed confinement to the location of interest and convenient sampling of the fish. Unlike wild fish, the caged fish could be compared to control fish with the same pre-exposure history.     

氯气检测管的研制

经过条件优化试验，研制出氯气检测管。检测管显色长度与氯气浓度呈线性相关，对氯气标气7次测定的变异系数为13．8％，平均相对误差为5．2％，小于15％；一次测定最大相对误差为20％，小于25％，符合国家标准GB7230－87的要求。与化学法比较，2种方法测试结果无显著性差异。干扰物有溴和氯化氢气体以及高浓度二氧化氮。检测管寿命为1a。     

Modeling trihalomethane formation for Jabal Amman water supply in Jordan

A mathematical model that expresses Total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration in terms of initial chlorine concentration, total organic carbon, bromide ion concentration, contact time, and pH is developed for Zai water treatment plant which supplies water to Jabal Amman. The developed mathematical model is for constant temperature of 20°C. To adjust model calculated TTHM concentrations for temperatures other than 20°C, another mathematical model that expresses TTHM growth rate as function of temperature is also developed. To test the ability of the two developed models in predicting TTHM concentrations throughout water supplies, a sampling program that aimed at measuring TTHM concentrations in addition to the predictors in the two developed mathematical models namely; chlorine concentration, bromide ion concentration, total organic carbon, temperature and pH throughout Jabal Amman water supply was conducted. The two developed mathematical models and WaterCad, which was used to determine water age, were used to predict TTHM concentrations throughout Jabal Amman water supply. Predicted TTHM concentrations were compared to actual TTHM concentrations measured during the sampling program. Results showed that there is good agreement between measured and, calculated TTHM concentrations, which means that the method presented in this paper, can be used to obtain good estimates of TTHM concentrations throughout networks.     

电位滴定法连续测定废水中溴和氯

采用电位滴定法连续测定废水中溴和氯,以216型银电极为指示电级,217型饱和甘汞电极为参比电极。测定结果的相对标准偏差溴为065%,氯为054%。测定误差溴为-025%,氯为028%。此法可用于溴和氯的连续测定。