二氧化氯销毁氰化物的应用研究

在弱碱性条件下,二氧化氯消毒剂将氰化物氧化成无毒的氰酸盐(OCN-)、二氧化碳和氮气.研究了影响二氧化氯销毁氰化物的几种因素:pH在8～11的范围内,不影响二氧化氯对氰化物的销毁率;在所试验的反应温度(0～40℃)内,温度对反应速率表现出有限的影响;二氧化氯与氰离子的最佳质量比为2:1;当氰离子最高使用浓度小于0.5 g/L时,废水中氰离子浓度达一级以上的排放标准.     

二氧化氯的发生技术

本文对国内外ＣｌＯ２的发生技术进行了综合评述，详尽地介绍了作者自行研制的ＣｌＯ２发生技术和装置，认为我国推广应用ＣｌＯ２消毒处理饮用水的时机已经成熟。     

中国淘汰滴滴涕的环境影响分析

目前中国仍在生产滴滴涕(DDT),并以其为原料生产三氯杀螨醇作为杀虫剂使用.为评价淘汰DDT对于中国生态环境的影响,采用情景分析的方法,估算了在采取不同的淘汰策略下土壤中DDT残留浓度的变化,以此来评价淘汰DDT的环境影响.与基线情景相比,三种控制情景下DDT的累积生产量都有不同程度的减少,相应土壤中的残留浓度也有不同的下降,且淘汰的速度越快土壤中DDT浓度下降的幅度越大.     

Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) and Chlorite (ClO2ˉ) to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (4 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Chlorite (ClO2ˉ) is a primary decomposition product when chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is added during water treatment; therefore the toxic effects of both compounds on aquatic organisms are possible. Limited data are available concerning their toxicity to fish. The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity of rainbow trout to acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and chlorite, and to estimate the Maximum-Acceptable-Toxicant-Concentration (MATC) of those compounds in fish. Methods The acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and chlorite to larval and adult rainbow trout was investigated in 96-hour to 20-day laboratory exposures evaluating the wide range spectrum of biological indices under semi-static conditions. Results and Discussion Median lethal concentration (96-hour LC50) values derived from the tests were: 2.2 mg/l for larvae; 8.3 mg/l for adult fish and 20-day LC50 for larvae was 1.6 mg/l of chlorine dioxide, respectively. Chlorite was found to be from 48 to 18 times less acutely toxic to larvae and adult fish, correspondingly. Both chemical compounds induced similar toxic effects in rainbow trout larvae during chronic tests (they affected cardio-respiratory and growth parameters), but chlorine dioxide had a higher toxic potency than chlorite. A significant decrease in the heart rate and respiration frequency of larvae was established. However, within an increase in exposure duration recovery of cardio-respiratory responses was seen to have occurred in larvae exposed to chlorite. Meanwhile, in larvae exposed to chlorine dioxide, a significant decrease in cardio-respiratory responses remained during all 20-day chronic bioassays. Chlorine dioxide also more strongly affected growth parameters of rainbow trout larvae at much lower test concentrations. Decreased rate of yolk-sack resorption occurred only in the tests with chlorine dioxide. Conclusions Maximum-Acceptable-Toxicant-Concentration (MATC) of 0.21 mg/l for chlorine dioxide and of 3.3 mg/l for chlorite to fish was derived from chronic tests based on the most sensitive parameter of rainbow trout larvae (growth rate). According to substance toxicity classification accepted for Lithuanian inland waters, chlorine dioxide and chlorite can be referred to substances of \moderate\ toxicity to fish. Recommendations and Outlook Due to its very reactive nature, chlorine dioxide is rapidly (in a few hours) reduced to chlorite, which is persistent also as a biocide but 16 times less toxic to fish, according to MATC. Therefore, it is much more likely that fish will be exposed to chlorite than to chlorine dioxide in natural waters. Presently accepted, the Maximum-Permitted-Concentration of total residual chlorine (TRC) in waste-water discharging into receiving waters is 0.6 mg/l. If this requirement will not be exceeded, it is unlikely that fish would be exposed to lethal or even to sublethal concentrations of chlorine dioxide or chlorite. Furthermore, chlorine dioxide does not generate toxic nitrogenous (chloramines) or carcinogenic organic residuals (trihalomethanes). All these properties make chlorine dioxide a more promising biocide than chlorine.     

信息干预是否影响食物浪费?——基于餐饮业随机干预试验

食物浪费既造成了严重的资源环境压力,也威胁着粮食安全,更导致了全球居民的福利损失。食物浪费是消费者行为选择的结果,且消费者的行为在很大程度上是受描述性规范影响的,那么消费者对干预信息的吸取（描述性规范）是否会影响消费者的食物浪费行为有待进行研究。因此,论文运用随机干预试验的方法,探讨不同干预方案对消费者在外就餐食物浪费行为的影响。结果表明：消费者在信息干预过程中存在对干预信息接收度的问题,当我们试图去干预消费者时,被干预的消费者有多达41.38%的消费者没有注意到干预信息;在餐馆有相关信息提示的就餐环境下,信息干预对消费者的食物浪费行为是有效用的,具体表现为消费者的食物浪费行为因干预信息内容的不同而不同。     

ClO2杀灭拟柱孢藻过程中毒素释放行为与释放机理

试验考察了二氧化氯(ClO_2)杀灭拟柱孢藻过程中不同条件下柱孢藻毒素(CYN)随时间的释放规律,对释放量与时间数据进行曲线方程拟合,并以透射电镜观察不同反应时间拟柱孢藻细胞形态,对柱孢藻毒素的释放机理进行分析。结果表明,反应初期5 min内CYN释放率随时间延长快速提高,随后增长缓慢,30 min后趋于稳定。ClO_2投加量影响了CYN释放速率,1.0 mg/L ClO_2投加量时CYN释放率要高于0.5 mg/L和0.7 mg/L时,但在反应2 h后不同ClO_2投加量的CYN释放率趋于接近。拟柱孢藻初始浓度对CYN释放率的影响不明显。CYN释放率在酸性条件下高于中性和碱性条件。随反应温度升高,CYN释放率逐渐升高。各种反应条件下CYN释放量与反应时间的关系可以用曲线方程来表示。藻细胞形态随反应时间延长发生变化。ClO_2投加量增大,藻细胞结构的破坏程度加剧。在反应初期CYN释放是通过扩散作用而并非由细胞壁的破裂而致。     

Computational investigation of the effects of knee airbag design on the interaction with occupant lower extremity in frontal and oblique impacts

Objective: The lower extremity of the occupant represents the most frequently injured body region in motor vehicle crashes. Knee airbags (KABs) have been implemented as a potential countermeasure to reduce lower extremity injuries. Despite the increasing prevalence of KABs in vehicles, the biomechanical interaction of the human lower extremity with the KAB has not been well characterized. This study uses computational models of the human body and KABs to explore how KAB design may influence the impact response of the occupant's lower extremities.

Methods: The analysis was conducted using a 50th percentile male occupant human body model with deployed KABs in a simplified vehicle interior. The 2 common KAB design types, bottom-deploy KAB (BKAB) and rear-deploy KAB (RKAB), were both included. A state-of-the-art airbag modeling technique, the corpuscular particle method, was adopted to represent the deployment dynamics of the unfolding airbags. Validation of the environment model was performed based on previously reported test results. The kinematic responses of the occupant lower extremities were compared under both KAB designs, 2 seating configurations (in-position and out-of-position), and 3 loading conditions (static, frontal, and oblique impacts). A linear statistical model was used to assess factor significance considering the impact responses of the occupant lower extremities.

Results: The presence of a KAB had a significant influence on the lower extremity kinematics compared to no KAB (P <.05) by providing early restraint and distributing contact force on the legs during airbag deployment. For in-position occupants, the KAB generally tended to decrease tibia loadings. The RKAB led to greater lateral motion of the legs compared to the BKAB, resulting in higher lateral displacement at the knee joint and abduction angle change (51.2 ± 21.7 mm and 15° ± 6.0°) over the dynamic loading conditions. Change in the seating position led to a significant difference in occupant kinematic and kinetic parameters (P <.05). For the out-of-position (forward-seated) occupant, the earlier contact between the lower extremity and the deploying KAB resulted in 28.4° ± 5.8° greater abduction, regardless of crash scenarios. Both KAB types reduced the axial force in the femur relative to no KAB. Overall, the out-of-position occupant sustained a raised axial force and bending moment of the tibia by 0.8 ± 0.2 kN and 21.1 ± 8.7 Nm regardless of restraint use.

Conclusions: The current study provided a preliminary computational examination on KAB designs based on a limited set of configurations in an idealized vehicle interior. Results suggested that the BKAB tended to provide more coverage and less leg abduction compared to the RKAB in oblique impact and/or the selected out-of-position scenario. An out-of-position occupant was associated with larger abduction and lower extremity loads over all occupant configurations. Further investigations are recommended to obtain a full understanding of the KAB performance in a more realistic vehicle environment.     

umu试验研究饮用水氯和氯胺消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化以及消毒条件的影响

采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了消毒剂投加量、反应时间和消毒剂氯氮比对某饮用水厂臭氧-生物活性炭出水加氯或氯胺消毒前后遗传毒性的影响.结果表明,炭后水具有一定的遗传毒性(20～70 ng/L),加氯或氯胺消毒后遗传毒性增加.反应时间为24 h,在相同投加量下氯消毒遗传毒性(40～95 ng/L)高于氯胺消毒遗传毒性(20～40 ng/L);当氯初始投加量从0 mg/L增加到10 mg/L时,炭后水的遗传毒性先迅速增加,在0.5～1 mg左右达到极大值,然后再降低,在3～5 mg左右达到极小值后缓慢上升,但是氯胺消毒后水样遗传毒性变化规律不如氯消毒的明显.当投加量为3 mg/L时,随着反应时间从0 h延长至72 h,无论是氯消毒还是氯胺消毒,炭后水遗传毒性均是先迅速增加,在2 h时达到极大值后再下降,在18 h左右达到极小值然后缓慢上升,而且任意反应时间内,氯胺消毒的遗传毒性(20～62 ng/L)均小于氯消毒(83～120 ng/L).本试验还研究了消毒剂氯氮比对炭后水氯消毒后遗传毒性的影响.在本试验条件下,从遗传毒性的角度看,对于饮用水消毒氯胺比氯更安全,而且2种消毒方式的遗传毒性的变化规律均不同于总HAAs的变化规律.     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.     

二氧化氯/活性炭催化氧化处理对硝基苯甲酸废水影响因素

以对硝基苯甲酸废水为处理对象,分别考察了活性炭投加量、二氧化氯投加量、pH值及反应时间等因素对二氧化氯/活性炭催化氧化工艺处理对硝基苯甲酸废水的影响.并在最优条件下,通过试验考证了该工艺作为高浓度对硝基苯甲酸废水的预处理手段,在去除废水中COD和提高可生化性(BOD5/COD)方面的综合效果.结果表明,采用ClO2与活性炭组成催化氧化体系,其处理COD为109印mg·L-1,的对硝基苯甲酸废水,效率比单独使用二氧化氯高10%;在废水pH值为4.1时,当活性炭投加量为200 g·L-l、反应时间30 min、二氧化氯投加量为300 mg·L-1,时,废水的COD降至7 100 mg·L-1,去除率达到35%, BOD5浓度提高到1 810 mg·L-1,废水的BOD5/COD值由原来的0.10提高到0.25,明显提高了废水的可生化性.因此,二氧化氯/活性炭催化氧化工艺是预处理高浓度对硝基苯甲酸废水的有效手段.