抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因中核苷酸结合位点区(NBS)-亮氨酸重复序列区(LRR)的克隆与序列分析

根据源于节节麦抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因Cre3及已经克隆的NBS-LRR类植物抗病基因的NBS与LRR区保守序列分别设计特异引物,从易变山羊草基因组中PCR扩增得到两个扩增条带,它们的大小分别约为530bp和1200bp.经克隆测序发现,这两个序列分别长为532bp和1175bp,且是连续的.它们有32bp的共同序列,总长为1675bp,包含了一个NBS-LRR区和一个不完整的开放阅读框,没有起始密码子、终止密码子和内含子结构.它编码一个557个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子量(Mr)为63.537×103,含有NBS区保守模体ILDD,ESKILVTTRSK,KGSPLAARTVGG,RRC-FAYCS,EGF,以及LRR区的保守模体aXXLXXLXXL.它与Cre3的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为87.8%和77%,可能是一个抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因.图6参13     

Mechanism of egg recognition in defenses against conspecific brood parasitism: American coots (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fulica americana</Emphasis>) know their own eggs

Hosts of avian brood parasites use a variety of defenses based on egg recognition to reduce the costs of parasitism; the most important of which is rejecting the parasitic eggs. Two basic recognition mechanisms are possible: “true recognition”, whereby hosts recognize their own eggs irrespective of their relative frequency in the clutch, and minority recognition (or “recognition by discordancy”), whereby hosts respond to the minority egg type. The mechanism of recognition has been experimentally studied in a handful of species parasitized by interspecific brood parasites, but the mechanism used in defenses against conspecific brood parasitism is unknown. I experimentally determined the mechanism of egg recognition in American coots (Fulica americana), a species with high levels of conspecific brood parasitism, egg recognition, and rejection. I swapped eggs between pairs of nests to alter frequencies of host and “parasite” eggs and then used two criteria for recognition: egg rejection and nonrandom incubation positions in the clutch. Eight of 12 nests (66%) given equal frequencies of host and parasite eggs showed evidence of true recognition. In contrast, only one of eight (12.5%) nests where host eggs were in the minority showed evidence of recognition by discordancy. The nonrandom incubation positions of parasitic eggs indicates that birds sometimes recognize parasitic eggs without rejecting them and provides a means of assessing recognition on a per nest basis in species with large clutches. Adaptive recognition without rejection may also be an important evolutionary stepping stone to the evolution of egg rejection in some taxa.     

人为活动影响下的生态系统反馈机制--塔里木河流域生态输水工程的效应分析

通过对塔里木河流域生态输水工程的效应分析,揭示了生态系统反馈机制的原理和特点,强调了负反馈机制的作用,即生态系统在受到外界影响或干扰后,通过一系列的自我调节功能来减轻这种干扰或影响的程度,并力图恢复到平衡或稳定状态.最后,探讨了生态系统反馈机制的作用和意义.     

Fenton试剂氧化降解聚丙烯酰胺污水及其反应动力学研究

采用Fenton试剂氧化处理聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)污水取得了良好的效果.通过正交试验得到了Fenton试剂各影响因素的影响权重,并通过单因素实验确定了最佳实验条件.研究了Fenton试剂中各影响因素的作用机制,在最佳实验条件下,HPAM的降解率能达到近89%.针对Fenton试剂氧化处理HPAM的反应特性,深入研究了反应动力学模型,确定反应为一级反应.     

海水中溶解有机磷化合物的生态效应

介绍了海水中溶解有机磷的生物效应及其分析方法。有机磷农药在农业中得到广泛应用并被雨水冲刷进入海水中。农药生产企业排放的污染物已经严重污染近海水体。讨论了有机磷农药的毒性机理和有效利用的方法。     

A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation

A new state-of-the-art indoor environmental chamber facility for the study of atmospheric processes leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been constructed and characterized. The chamber is designed for atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation at low reactant concentrations under well-controlled environmental conditions. It consists of two collapsible 90 m³ FEP Teflon film reactors on pressure-controlled moveable frameworks inside a temperature-controlled enclosure flushed with purified air. Solar radiation is simulated with either a 200 kW Argon arc lamp or multiple blacklamps. Results of initial characterization experiments, all carried out at 300–305 K under dry conditions, concerning NO_x and formaldehyde offgasing, radical sources, particle loss rates, and background PM formation are described. Results of initial single organic–NO_x and simplified ambient surrogate–NO_x experiments to demonstrate the utility of the facility for mechanism evaluation under low NO_x conditions are summarized and compared with the predictions of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism. Overall, the results of the initial characterization and evaluation indicate that this new environmental chamber can provide high quality mechanism evaluation data for experiments with NO_x levels as low as 2 ppb, though the results indicate some problems with the gas-phase mechanism that need further study. Initial evaluation experiments for SOA formation, also carried out under dry conditions, indicate that the chamber can provide high quality secondary aerosol formation data at relatively low hydrocarbon concentrations.     

催化铁内电解法处理硝基苯废水的机理与动力学研究

对催化铁内电解法处理硝基苯废水降解动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明，降解过程符合准一级动力学规律。进水浓度、pH值和反应温度强烈影响硝基苯的降解速率。在实验pH值范围内，反应速率常数依次为：强酸性〉弱碱性〉弱酸性〉中性；循环伏安扫描图显示了硝基苯可以在铜电极上直接得电子还原，该反应在强酸和弱碱性条件下效果较好。反应速率常数随进水浓度的增大而减小。提高反应温度可改善处理效果，在30-45℃范围内，提高温度对处理效果的改善并不显著；当温度升高到45℃以上时，升温可以显著改善处理效果。     

用丙二醇碳酸酯对膨润土进行活化的研究

膨润土及其产品GCL正广泛应用于城市垃圾填埋场的防渗系统中。但是膨润土的膨胀性能在成分复杂的液体(如渗滤液)中会大幅下降,从而直接影响防渗效果。在分析中,利用丙二醇碳酸酯对钠基膨润土进行活化,提高其耐化学性,并分析了其性能改善的机理。     

Pt/MgO催化剂上NOx存储-还原反应性能

采用稀燃-富燃交替运行方式,研究存储-还原型催化剂Pt/MgO的NOx存储性能以及C3H6还原NOx反应性能.氧化存储段,NOx可被有效存储;当氧化性气氛转换为还原性气氛后,出现一个NOx峰,降低了总的转化效果.NOx峰的大小与存储段和还原段时间之比、温度等因素有关;400℃时NOx峰最小,总转化率最高.5 h循环实验表明,400℃时Pt/MgO催化剂再生良好,NOx转化率稳定在96%.于反应气氛中添加100 mg/m3SO2进行了5 h抗硫性实验,Pt/MgO催化剂的抗硫中毒能力明显强于Pt/BaO/Al2O3.     

二氧化氯销毁氰化物的应用研究

在弱碱性条件下，二氧化氯消毒剂将氰化物氧化成无毒的氰酸盐（OCN）、二氧化碳和氮气。研究了影响二氧化氯销毁氰化物的几种因素：pH在8—11的范围内，不影响二氧化氯对氰化物的销毁率；在所试验的反应温度（0-40℃）内，温度对反应速率表现出有限的影响；二氧化氯与氰离子的最佳质量比为2：1；当氰离子最高使用浓度小于0．5g／L时，废水中氰离子浓度达一级以上的排放标准。