Photochemical Behavior of Parathion in the Presence of Humic Acids from Different Origins

This paper reports the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the degradation of pesticide ethyl parathion in the presence of humic acids. Ethyl parathion was completely degraded in 300 min using an artificial lamp of 7.41 × 10^{? 10} einstein/s. Humic acid from peat did not influence the photochemical rate (k = 8.92 × 10^?3 min). However, in the presence of aquatic humic acid, the photochemical rate was higher (11.5 × 10^?3 min). The analytical determinations show the presence of p-nitrophenol and aminophenol in the reaction medium during the photochemical experiments. The kinetic of degradation in all experiments obeyed a first-order reaction pattern.     

Natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack

Petals of red, yellow and white roses (Rosa damascene Mill.) of the family Rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus), five species of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum). All of the crude extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities according to the tested organism and rose's type. Micrococcus luteus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria to all crude extracts. Red and yellow petal extracts showed much higher antibacterial activity than the white petals extract. Bacillus subtilis was found to be the least susceptible to all extracts. The fungus, Penicillium notatum was found to be the most susceptible with white petal extract being the most effective. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum were the least susceptible to all extracts. White roses extract showed much higher antifungal activities against Penicillium notatum than red or yellow roses, therefore, it was subjected to several bioassay guided chromatographic fractionations and purification to isolate the active chemical(s) responsible for the antifungal activity. Chemical structure of the isolated antifungal compounds were identified by spectroscopy techniques and found to be a γ-sitosterol and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Antibacterial activity of the various types of rose extracts were due to complex mixtures of organic compounds which are still under chemical investigation and will be published later.     

Species of Trace Metals, Organic Residues and Humic Substances in Sediments From the Taiwan Erhjin River and Coastal Areas

Total organic carbon, humic substances, and the species of trace metals (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe) in six and seven phases, such as bioexchangeable (P1), skeletal (carbonates, P2), easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, P3), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxides, P4), organic matters with sulphides (P5), and detritus with minerals (P6) as well as organic with humic substances (PB4) and organic residues (PB6), were analyzed in sediments from the Taiwan Erhjin coastal (including river and estuarine) area, where places we found the copper pollution. Results indicate that higher percentages of P1 and P2 for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and manganese in samples collected in March and September of 1990 were much higher than those in P3-P6. High percentages of chromium and iron in samples respectively collected in March and September of 1990 were found in P6. for the seven phase analysis, higher percentages of copper species in PB4 and PB6 as well as iron species in PB7 were observed. On the other hand, purified humic acid with the high contents of manganese and iron in humic acid as well as purified fulvic acids were generally found at the upstream stations; and low values at coastal stations. However, extremely high copper (as high as 1750μg g^-1, dry weight in fulvic acid and 820μg g^-1 in humic acid) and lead (821μg g^-1 in humic acid) concentrations with relatively high manganese and iron concentrations were observed in humic substances from the station near the copper recycling area. Comparing the results obtained from the Antarctic Ocean sediments with those from the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the human impacts on the latter are evaluated.     

Zeolites relieves inhibitory stress from high concentrations of long chain fatty acids

Protein and fat rich slaughterhouse waste is a very attractive waste stream for the production of biogas because of the high biochemical methane potential of the substrate. The material has however some drawbacks as the sole material for biogas production due to the production of several process disturbing metabolites such as ammonia, sulfides and long chain fatty acids. We can in this work present results that show that zeolites have the potential to relieve inhibitory stress from the presence of long chain fatty acids. Moreover, the results strongly indicate that it is mainly acetic acid consumers that are most negatively affected by long chain fatty acids and that the mechanism of stress relief is an adsorption of long chain fatty acids to the zeolites. In addition to this, it is shown that the effect is immediate and that only a small amount of zeolites is necessary to cancel the inhibitory effect of long chain fatty acids.     

无磷缓蚀阻垢剂CETSA的合成与缓蚀阻垢机理分析

针对工业循环水处理系统中使用磷系缓蚀阻垢剂带来的磷排放问题,以马来酸酐和3-巯基丙酸为主要原料,在催化剂作用下应用“一步法”合成S-羧乙基硫代琥珀酸(CETSA)无磷缓蚀阻垢剂,通过红外(IR)、核磁共振(13CNMR)等方法对其结构进行了表征.采用碳酸钙沉积法、旋转挂片法对CETSA的阻垢缓蚀性能进行评价,考察了加药量、水温、pH值、水流转速等对CETSA阻垢缓蚀性能的影响.结果表明,当加药量为110mg/L、循环水温度低于50℃、pH值为6～8、水流转速低于100 r/min时,CETSA对A3碳钢的腐蚀率小于0.25mm/a,最大缓蚀率可达61.3％,最大阻垢率达88.4％.CETSA是一种小分子多羧酸结构,其具有较高的缓蚀阻垢性能可能是因为与水中的钙镁离子发生了螯合,生成了稳定的络合物抑制结垢,同时非极性键、烷基等亲水基吸附于金属表面,电负性较高的O、S元素与Fe产生强吸附,形成的致密保护膜有效抑制了金属腐蚀.经测算,10％水剂的CETSA生产成本约为3 047元/t,总磷减排量可达3～5g/m3循环水排水.研究表明,CETSA可替代传统磷系缓蚀阻垢剂,适于电力、钢铁、化工、油田等行业的循环冷却水系统.     

Enhanced anaerobic fermentation with azo dye as electron acceptor： Simultaneous acceleration of organics decomposition and azo decolorization

Accumulation of hydrogen during anaerobic processes usually results in low decomposition of volatile organic acids（VFAs）. On the other hand, hydrogen is a good electron donor for dye reduction, which would help the acetogenic conversion in keeping low hydrogen concentration. The main objective of the study was to accelerate VFA composition through using azo dye as electron acceptor. The results indicated that the azo dye serving as an electron acceptor could avoid H2 accumulation and accelerate anaerobic digestion of VFAs. After adding the azo dye, propionate decreased from 2400.0 to 689.5 mg/L and acetate production increased from 180.0 to 519.5 mg/L. It meant that the conversion of propionate into acetate was enhanced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the abundance of propionate-utilizing acetogens with the presence of azo dye was greater than that in a reference without azo dye. The experiments via using glucose as the substrate further demonstrated that the VFA decomposition and the chemical oxygen demand（COD） removal increased by 319.7 mg/L and 23.3% respectively after adding the azo dye. Therefore, adding moderate azo dye might be a way to recover anaerobic system from deterioration due to the accumulation of H2 or VFAs.     

水稻种植对黑土微生物生物量和碳源代谢功能的影响

采用磷脂脂肪酸方法和Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,以吉林省长春市双阳区农业技术推广站实验区的土壤为对象,研究了水稻种植对黑土微生物生态结构和功能的影响.结果表明空地中有机质含量最高,其次为田间土,根际土中有机质含量最低;在夏季的样品中有机质含量最高,土壤中全氮的变化趋势与土壤有机质比较相似.土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数则表现为夏季显著高于秋季和春季,春、秋两季差异不明显,冬季最低,空地中微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数高于田间和根际.全部样品微生物生长步入稳定期时间和碳源的颜色平均变化率变化范围不同,时间分别为216、192、216、120 h,范围分别为0.52~0.84、0.82~1.28、0.40~0.84、0.05~0.48,表明春秋季微生物步入稳定期和对碳源的代谢量比较相似,夏季最大,冬季最小.研究结果为科学评价典型水稻种植黑土区土壤生境质量退化与恢复过程中微生物特征的变化提供参考.     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸来源、迁移及转化

为阐述青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的来源、迁移及转化研究,2013年7月31日、10月25日分别在青木关地下河入口、天窗和出口处进行采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,7月和10月样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的平均含量分别为1 354、667 ng·L-1和24 203、2 526ng·L-1.溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的含量随地下河运移距离的增加均呈降低的趋势;基于正构烷烃分子特征参数CPI、OEP、Paq和R(ΣC≤20含量与总量的百分比)发现7月青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物和藻类.10月主要来源于地表水生植物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加,藻类和细菌等微生物的贡献逐渐增大;溶解态脂肪酸C16:0比例最高,结合碳峰分布特征显示7月和10月水样中,藻类和细菌等微生物为地下河中溶解态脂肪酸的主要来源.     

3种典型消毒副产物对细菌抗生素抗性的影响

本文研究了消毒副产物对细菌抗生素抗性的作用.分别选取三卤甲烷类(THMs)、卤乙酸类(HAAs)以及醛类消毒副产物中典型物质一氯二溴甲烷(CDBM)、碘乙酸(IAA)和水合三氯乙醛(CH),研究了细菌经消毒副产物染毒之后,对多种抗生素的抗性变化情况.结果发现,3种消毒副产物均可以诱导野生型铜绿假单胞菌提高对5种受试抗生素的抗性,提高作用IAACHCDBM.IAA对多重抗性也具有一定的提高作用.野生型大肠杆菌的抗生素抗性同样能够被DBPs诱导提高,说明DBPs对抗性的影响具有普遍性.其作用机制可能是DBPs通过氧化胁迫机制诱导细菌发生突变,进而提高细菌抗生素抗性.本研究表明饮用水系统中部分细菌抗生素抗性的获得可能与消毒副产物有关;除毒理学风险外,消毒副产物的流行病学风险同样不容忽视.