Benefits and risks associated with consumption of Great Lakes fish containing omega-3 fatty acids and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

正Introduction Assessment of environmental health effects arising from exposure to multiple substances is often very challenging.This is particularly true when humans are exposed to a mixture that contains both beneficial and harmful substances.A good example relates to the risk and benefits of fish consumption.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and omega-3 fatty acid exposure from fish consumption, and thyroid cancer among New York anglers

Fish from the Great Lakes contain polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)which have been shown to disrupt endocrine function and mimic thyroid hormones,but they also contain beneficial omega-3 fatty acids that may offer protection against endocrine cancers.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Lake Ontario fish consumption and the estimated consumption of PCBs and omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of thyroid cancer in a group of sport fishermen.Anglers from the New York State Angler Cohort Study were followed for cancer incidence from 1991–2008.Twenty-seven cases of incident thyroid cancer and 108 controls were included in the analyses.Total estimated fish consumption,estimated omega-3 fatty acid consumption,and estimated PCB consumption from Lake Ontario fish were examined for an association with the incidence of thyroid cancer,while matching on sex,and controlling for age and smoking status.Results from logistic regression indicate no significant associations between fish consumption,short-term estimated omega-3 fatty acids,or estimated PCB consumption from Great Lakes fish and the development of thyroid cancer,but it was suggested that long-term omega-3 fatty acid from Great Lakes fish may be protective of the development of thyroid cancer.In conclusion,fish consumption,with the possible concomitant PCBs,from the Great Lakes does not appear to increase the risk of thyroid cancer in New York anglers.Further research is needed in order to separate the individual health effects of PCBs from omega-3 fatty acids contained within the fish.     

Impact of undissociated volatile fatty acids on acidogenesis in a two-phase anaerobic system

This study investigated the degradation and production of volatile fatty acids(VFAs)in the acidogenic phase reactor of a two-phase anaerobic system.20 mmol/L bromoethanesulfonic acid(BESA)was used to inhibit acidogenic methanogens(which were present in the acidogenic phase reactor)from degrading VFAs.The impact of undissociated volatile fatty acids(un VFAs)on"net"VFAs production in the acidogenic phase reactor was then evaluated,with the exclusion of concurrent VFAs degradation."Net"VFAs production from glucose degradation was partially inhibited at high un VFAs concentrations,with 59%,37% and 60% reduction in production rates at 2190 mg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/L undissociated acetic acid(un HAc),2130 mg COD/L undissociated propionic acid(un HPr)and 2280 mg COD/L undissociated n-butyric acid(un HBu),respectively.The profile of VFAs produced further indicated that while an un VFA can primarily affect its own formation,there were also un VFAs that affected the formation of other VFAs.     

Potential of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry for the characterization and monitoring of amine-derivatized naphthenic acids from oil sands process-affected water

Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry(CE–MS) was used for the analysis of naphthenic acid fraction compounds(NAFCs) of oil sands process-affected water(OSPW). A standard mixture of amine-derivatized naphthenic acids is injected directly onto the CE column and analyzed by CE–MS in less than 15 min. Time of flight MS analysis(TOFMS), optimized for high molecular weight ions, showed NAFCs between 250 and 800 m/z. With a quadrupole mass analyzer, only low-molecular weight NAFCs(between 100 and 450 m/z) are visible under our experimental conditions. Derivatization of NAFCs consisted of two-step amidation reactions mediated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide(EDC), or mediated by a mixture of EDC and N-hydroxysuccinimide, in dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. The optimum background electrolyte composition was determined to be 30%(V/V) methanol in water and 2%(V/V) formic acid. NAFCs extracted from OSPW in the Athabasca oil sands region were used to demonstrate the feasibility of CE–MS for the analysis of NAFCs in environmental samples, showing that the labeled naphthenic acids are in the mass range of 350 to 1500 m/z.     

Effects of Ca(OH)2 assisted aluminum sulfate coagulation on the removal of humic acid and the formation potentials of tri-halomethanes and haloacetic acids in chlorination

The effects of addition of calcium hydroxide on aluminum sulphate(or alum) coagulation for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) and its subsequent effect on the formation potentials of two major types of regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs),haloacetic acids(HAAs) and trihalomethanes(THMs),have been examined.The results revealed several noteworthy phenomena.At the optimal coagulation pH(i.e.6),the coagulation behavior of NOM water solutions versus alum dose,showed large variation and a consequent great change in the formation potentials of the DBPs at certain coagulant doses.However,with addition of a relatively small amount of Ca(OH) 2,although the zeta potential of coagulated flocs remained almost the same,NOM removal became more consistent with alum dose.Importantly,also the detrimental effect of charge reversal on NOM removal at the low coagulant dose disappeared.This resulted in a steady decrease in the formation potentials of DBPs as a function of the coagulant dose.Moreover,the addition of Ca(OH) 2 broadened the pH range of alum coagulation and promoted further reduction of the formation potentials of the DBPs.The enhancement effects of Ca(OH) 2 assisted alum coagulation are especially pronounced at pH 7 and 8.Finally,synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the reduction in DBPs formation potential by Ca(OH) 2-assisted alum coagulation was connected to an enhanced removal of small hydrophobic and hydrophilic HA molecules.Ca(OH) 2-assistance of alum coagulation appeared to increase substantially the removal of the hydrophilic HA fraction responsible for HAAs formation,prompting further reduction of HAA formation potentials.     

腐殖酸光敏化降解土壤中多环芳烃的动力学

多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)由于致癌、致畸和致突变而受到广泛关注。实验以多环芳烃菲(Phe)和芘(Pyr)为目标污染物,研究了腐植酸和紫外辐射强度对PAHs光降解动力学的影响,及腐植酸光敏化光降解土壤中PAHs的机制.结果表明,腐殖酸光敏化降解Phe和Pyr符合一级动力方程,随着腐殖酸投加量的增加,Phe和Pyr的动力学常数也逐渐增加,半衰期缩短,在添加0、10、20、30、40 mg/kg腐植酸后,Phe的半衰期分别为52.90、47.79、43.86、37.87、34.48 h,Pyr的半衰期分别为45.90、38.50、36.09、30.26、29.74 h;腐殖酸可以将吸收光能传递给土壤中Phe和Pyr使其发生敏化光解,也可以使Phe和Pyr发生光氧化反应;随着辐射强度的增加,PAH光降解速率增加。该研究为应用腐殖酸光敏化降解土壤中PAHs有机污染物提供了参考依据。     

Natural organic compounds as alternative to methyl bromide for nematodes control

Thirty-three organic acids and furfural metabolites were examined for their nematicidal activity against plant-parasitic, free-living and predacious nematodes. Propionic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, and furic acid were the most effective nematicides among normal chain organic acids, branched organic acids, hydroxy/keto-acids, dicarboxylic acids and furfural metabolites, respectively. Seven of the tested compounds were found to have more than 90% mortality thus designating them as highly active nematicides. Of the highly active tested compounds, an average octanol/water log P of 0.97 was observed with a range from 0.28 to 2.64, and a Henry's Law constant averaging 2.6 × 10^{? 7} atm.m³/mole. Tested chemicals with minor or low nematicidal activity showed an average log P of 1.76 with a range from 0.15 to 3.42 and a Henry's Law constant averaging 16.6 × 10^{? 7} atm.m³/mole.     

Metabolism of n-C10:0 and n-C11:0 fatty acids by Trichoderma koningii,Penicillium janthinellum and their mixed culture: I. Biomass and CO2 production,and allocation of intracellular lipids

The capacity of two soil fungi, Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum, to oxidize n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids to CO₂ and store intracellular lipids during growth is unknown. This article reports for the first time the metabolism of decanoic acid (DA, C_10:0), undecanoic acid (UDA, n-C_11:0), a mixture of the acids (UDA+DA) and a mixture of UDA+ potato dextrose broth (PDB) by T. koningii and P. janthinellum and their mixed culture. A control PDB complex substrate was used as a substrate control treatment. The fungal cultures were assayed for their capacity to: (1) oxidize n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids to CO₂ and (2) store lipids intracellularly during growth. On all four fatty acid substrates, the mixed T. koningii and P. janthinellum culture produced more biomass and CO₂ than the individual fungal cultures. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed species culture grown on UDA+PDB and on PDB alone produced the most biomass (7,567 mg and 11,425 mg, respectively). When grown in DA, the mixed species culture produced the least amount of biomass (6,400 mg), a quantity that was lower than those obtained in UDA (7,550 mg) or UDA+DA (7,270 mg). Amounts of CO₂ produced ranged from 210 mg under DA to 618 mg under PDB, and these amounts were highly correlated with biomass (r² = 0.99). Fluorescence microscopy of stained lipids in the mixed fungal cell cultures growing during the exponential phase demonstrated larger fungal cells and higher accumulation of lipids in membranes and storage bodies than those observed during the lag and stationary phases. T. koningii and P. janthinellum grown on n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids produced lower amounts of biomass and CO₂, but stored higher amounts of intracellular lipids, than when grown on PDB alone.     

Malodor emission characteristics in rendering plants

Odor emission characteristics in rendering plant was studied by measuring 14 kinds of odorants in the emission gases from main processes: cooking of raw bone, concentrating of glue, refining of fat, and drying of bone. The odor from cooker had higher concentration of all odorous components compared with the other processes. From any process except the drying one, there were detected sulfur‐containing odorants in very high concentration. Of the odorants, concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were higher. The odor from drying bed had comparatively low concentration of sulfur‐containing odorants, and higher concentration of ammonia and trimethylamine were detected. Lower fatty acids were detected from all processes though the concentrations were low. In the odorous gases taken at both the emission source and borderline side, high correlations were recognized between organoleptic test value and concentrations of measured odorants.     

紫外耦合游离亚硝酸强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究

为打破传统厌氧发酵过程中污泥破壁溶胞困难和产酸效能低的瓶颈,探究了紫外光（UV）耦合游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对污泥发酵产酸的影响,并与热（H）和超声法（US）耦合FNA预处理进行了对比分析.结果表明,UV辅助FNA联合预处理（FNA-UV）对细胞破碎和胞外聚合物的剥离具有协同效应,·OH和·O₂^-作为反应中间体,其强度远高于其他预处理组（FNA-US和FNA-H）,与·NO,·NO₂及ONOO^-等中间产物共同促进了溶解性有机物的释放,溶解性碳水化合物和蛋白质含量相比FNA组分别提升60%和90%,进而为后续水解产酸过程提供了充足的底物.FNA-UV组短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）浓度于第4d达到峰值,为（201.8±4.8） mg COD/g VSS,相比FNA组提升67%,乙酸占比高达56.8%.通过发酵末期对各体系进行碳平衡分析表明,紫外耦合FNA预处理在污泥减量、溶解性有机物的释放与转化、SCFAs的产生方面具有重要作用.微生物群落分析表明,FNA-UV对功能菌群的富集发挥重要作用,表现为厌氧发酵菌和反硝化菌的有效增强,相比其他各组提升了23.7%~270.6%.