C/N对污泥厌氧发酵产酸类型及代谢途径的影响

研究了污泥的初始C/N对污泥发酵产酸类型的影响及产酸代谢途径.初始C/N在12时,形成的是乙酸型发酵类型;当初始C/N在56左右,可实现丙酸型发酵类型;而当C/N处于156时,则形成丁酸型发酵.不同发酵产酸类型的形成是由优势产酸菌群的改变导致的.末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)微生物种群的结果表明,构成乙酸型发酵类型的主要优势菌群为消化链球菌属;而丙酸型发酵类型中的优势菌群则为丙酸杆菌属;梭菌属则是丁酸型发酵类型中的优势产酸功能菌.有机酸代谢途径中关键酶活性检测结果表明,在低C/N条件下,乙酸的累积主要是通过氨基酸之间的Stickland反应形成,而随着C/N值的增大,导致丙酸和丁酸累积的主要代谢途径转变为糖酵解的丙酮酸途径.     

低分子量有机酸对红壤中硫丹释放动力学的影响

采用自行设计的动力学试验装置及平衡振荡试验,系统研究了3种低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸)和水对红壤中α-硫丹(-αendosulfan,αES)的动力学释放行为.结果表明,10 mmol/L的酒石酸和柠檬酸可使αES的释放百分率相对于水和草酸提高7~18个百分点,其中尤以酒石酸的效果最为明显,但水和草酸对αES的释放能力却不存在显著差异(p>0.05),αES的释放存在明显的快速和慢速释放期,特别在前200 mL释放较快;水和草酸对αES的释放动力学数据可由双常数方程和抛物线扩散方程较好描述,并不是代表简单表面扩散的表观一级动力学方程,而酒石酸和柠檬酸则更倾向于Elovich方程(R2>0.99,p<0.000 1),说明对这类立体结构较复杂的有机氯农药来说,影响其在水相中释放的主导因素已不是简单的颗粒表面扩散机制,还可能涉及到土壤颗粒内部的向外扩散机制、颗粒表面的活化与去活化作用、土壤颗粒表面的溶解及对包被在土壤矿物表面的固有有机质结构干扰造成的表面点位能量分布的不均匀等多种机制,使释放动力学的机制更进一步复杂化.     

腐殖酸光敏化降解土壤中多环芳烃的动力学

多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)由于致癌、致畸和致突变而受到广泛关注。实验以多环芳烃菲(Phe)和芘(Pyr)为目标污染物,研究了腐植酸和紫外辐射强度对PAHs光降解动力学的影响,及腐植酸光敏化光降解土壤中PAHs的机制.结果表明,腐殖酸光敏化降解Phe和Pyr符合一级动力方程,随着腐殖酸投加量的增加,Phe和Pyr的动力学常数也逐渐增加,半衰期缩短,在添加0、10、20、30、40 mg/kg腐植酸后,Phe的半衰期分别为52.90、47.79、43.86、37.87、34.48 h,Pyr的半衰期分别为45.90、38.50、36.09、30.26、29.74 h;腐殖酸可以将吸收光能传递给土壤中Phe和Pyr使其发生敏化光解,也可以使Phe和Pyr发生光氧化反应;随着辐射强度的增加,PAH光降解速率增加。该研究为应用腐殖酸光敏化降解土壤中PAHs有机污染物提供了参考依据。     

饮用水中9种卤乙酸的同时测定方法

建立了一种能够同时测定饮用水中9种卤乙酸的气相色谱方法.研究了前处理过程中不同实验条件对卤乙酸回收率的影响,通过简化前处理方法,优化色谱操作条件,提高了卤乙酸的回收率,降低了方法检测限,9种目标化合物的线性相关度均在0.99以上,回收率保持在88%-109%之间,能够满足美国环保局和中国生活饮用水卫生标准水质监测分析的...     

离子色谱法同时测定水中的甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸

建立了离子色谱电导同时检测水中甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸的方法,当采用1.0mL/min、1mmol/L KOH淋洗液梯度洗脱时可达到样品中甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸分离分析的目的;乙酸、甲酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸的线性范围分别为0.01～10.0、0.01～20.0、0.01～20.0和0.01～20.0mg/L,检出限分...     

紫外耦合游离亚硝酸强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究

为打破传统厌氧发酵过程中污泥破壁溶胞困难和产酸效能低的瓶颈,探究了紫外光（UV）耦合游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对污泥发酵产酸的影响,并与热（H）和超声法（US）耦合FNA预处理进行了对比分析.结果表明,UV辅助FNA联合预处理（FNA-UV）对细胞破碎和胞外聚合物的剥离具有协同效应,·OH和·O₂^-作为反应中间体,其强度远高于其他预处理组（FNA-US和FNA-H）,与·NO,·NO₂及ONOO^-等中间产物共同促进了溶解性有机物的释放,溶解性碳水化合物和蛋白质含量相比FNA组分别提升60%和90%,进而为后续水解产酸过程提供了充足的底物.FNA-UV组短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）浓度于第4d达到峰值,为（201.8±4.8） mg COD/g VSS,相比FNA组提升67%,乙酸占比高达56.8%.通过发酵末期对各体系进行碳平衡分析表明,紫外耦合FNA预处理在污泥减量、溶解性有机物的释放与转化、SCFAs的产生方面具有重要作用.微生物群落分析表明,FNA-UV对功能菌群的富集发挥重要作用,表现为厌氧发酵菌和反硝化菌的有效增强,相比其他各组提升了23.7%~270.6%.     

南昌市PM2.5中结合氨基酸的浓度组成及来源

采集了春季南昌市城市和森林地区的大气PM_2.5样品及潜在大气氨基酸排放源（植物和土壤）样品,测定并分析了样品中结合氨基酸（CAAs）的浓度、组成及甘氨酸（Gly）的氮同位素值.结果表明,城市和森林地区PM_2.5中总CAAs的浓度分别为0.507~3.912和0.497~2.647nmol/m³.通过对PM_2.5中CAAs组成占比分析发现,城市和森林地区CAAs组成成分相似,其中Pro、Gly、Ala、Leu和His是PM_2.5中丰富的CAAs物种.结合Gly的氮同位素值可知,城市地区（+0.62‰~+22.67‰）和森林地区（+1.99‰~+23‰） PM_2.5中δ¹⁵N_C-Gly值表现出较大的变化范围.根据大气CAAs潜在排放源δ¹⁵N值清单,本研究中生物质燃烧、土壤源和植物源是PM_2.5中CAAs的主要来源.贝叶斯稳定同位素模型计算源分配结果表明生物质燃烧、土壤源和植物源对城市地区PM_2.5中CAAs的平均贡献为42%、40%和18%,对森林地区PM_2.5中CAAs的平均贡献为38%、38%和24%.     

A review of environmental characteristics and effects of low-molecular weight organic acids in the surface ecosystem

Low molecular weight organic acids （LMWOAs） are prevalent on the earth＇s surface. They are vital intermediate products during metabolic pathways of organic matter and participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle during life activities. Photochemical reactions are pivotal for LMWOAs＇ origination and play a large role in determining their diversity and their ultimate fate. Within the long time that organic matter is preserved in sediments, it can be decomposed and converted to release organic and inorganic pollutants as well as C, N, and P nutrients, which are of potential ecological risk in causing secondary pollution to lake water. The sediment pool is a comprehensive and complex compartment closely associated with overlying water by various biochemical processes, during which LMWOAs play critical roles to transport and transform elements. This article elucidates geochemical behaviors of LMWOAs in the surface environment in details, taking natural water, soil, and aerosol as examples, focusing on reviewing research developments on sources and characteristics, migration and mineralization of LMWOAs and relevant environmental effects. Simultaneously, this review article depicts the categories and contents of LMWOAs or their contribution to DOC in environmental media, and evaluates their importance during organic matter early diagenesis. Through concluding and discussing the conversion mechanisms and influencing factors, the next research orientations on LMWOAs in lake ecosystems are determined, mainly concerning relationships with hydrochemical parameters and microorganisms, and interactions with pollutants. This will enrich the knowledge on organic matter degradation and related environmental effects, and help reconstruct a theoretical framework for organic compound succession and influencing factors, providing basic data for lake eutrophication and ecological risk assessment, conducive to better control over water pollution and proper management of water quality.     

Determining short chain fatty acids in sewage sludge hydrolysate：A comparison of three analytical methods and investigation of sample storage effects

In anaerobic digestion, the production of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） can be beneficial or harmful to the overall process, depending on the concentration of accumulated acids. Therefore, the accurate determination of the SCFA concentration in both fresh and stored sludge hydrolysates is important. To select a suitable method for monitoring SCFAs during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, the accuracy of three available analytical methods, including 5 pH point acid titration （TITRA5）, gas chromatography （GC）, and spectrophotometry, were compared in the present study. The results revealed that TITRA5 and GC displayed better agreement in the achieved measurements and higher precision and accuracy than the spectrophotometric assay, as supported by the application of different statistical models. TITRA5 excelled in titrating unfiltered hydrolysate while simultaneously measuring the alkalinity, whereas the GC method provided detailed information on the contribution of different fatty acids to the total acidity. In contrast, the spectrophotometric assay suffered from many forms of interference, depending on the sample＇s matrix. SCFA production followed the pattern of enzymatic reactions and fitted the Michaelis-Menten model. In addition to promoting TITRA5 as an accurate and robust analytical tool for routine SCFA analyses, this comparative study also demonstrated the possibility of storing hydrolysate samples at different temperatures and durations without altering the SCFA measurements.     

胡敏酸衰减全反射-傅里叶变换-红外光谱研究

胡敏酸是土壤有机质的重要组成部分。胡敏酸的物化结构和特性直接影响其环境地球化学行为,因此,也是胡敏酸地球化学研究的重要内容。傅里叶变换-红外光谱是胡敏酸物化结构和性质研究的强大工具,以往的研究通常采用压片-透射吸收法来研究分析胡敏酸的有机官能团信息。本工作采用透射-傅里叶变换-红外光谱和衰减全反射-傅里叶变换-红外光谱两种分析方法对比研究了黄壤和石灰土中胡敏酸的有机官能团信息。结果表明,两种分析方法给出完全一致的研究结果,即:黄壤胡敏酸脂肪碳含量较高,芳香结构含量较低;石灰土胡敏酸分子的脂肪碳含量较低,芳香结构和含氧官能团含量较高。比较而言,衰减全反射-傅里叶变换-红外光谱操作简便,无需对待测胡敏酸样品进行预处理,可以广泛地应用于胡敏酸红外光谱的分析。