断路器抗冲击性能考核试验时的安装方向选择

舰艇设备的抗冲击能力是其作战性能的重要指标之一,对于其装舰前的冲击试验考核是环境试验的一项重要内容,在无法明确设备在舰上安装方式和方向时,考核应模拟最严酷的工作条件和船上可能使用的安装方法,以船用典型断路器为例,简要描述了冲击条件下最严酷安装状态的分析选择过程,以期作为其它舰用设备冲击考核试验所选试验工况的参考。     

基于弹塑性损伤-渗流耦合模型的隧道洞口段围岩稳定性研究

为分析复杂条件下隧道洞口段稳定性问题,建立基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的岩石弹塑性损伤-渗流耦合模型,利用完全隐式的向后欧拉算法编制弹塑性损伤模型的应力积分程序。在此基础上,利用ABAQUS平台的子程序接口实现耦合模型的有限元计算。将该模型应用于福建某洞口段隧道工程的围岩稳定性评价中,分析不同降雨强度下洞口段结构的安全系数、位移及损伤值的变化规律。结果表明:隧道洞口段结构的安全系数、损伤区和位移均会随着降雨进程的发展发生变化,雨季应加强监测频率。     

Bioavailability of heavy metals in fresh water Tilapia nilotica (Oreachromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758): Potential risk to fishermen and consumers

The study was undertaken to assess the accumulation of some heavy metals (Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cd) in different tissues (muscle, gills, heart, liver, brain, bone and skin) of Tilapia nilotica. It is one of the most edible fish species in Egypt and was collected from a commercial fish farm in order to evaluate their potential risk to fishermen and consumers. This fish farm is fed with discharged water containing agricultural, industrial, sewage and domestic wastes. The length-weight relation and condition factor calculation of Tilapia nilotica samples showed a significant linear regression (r² = 0.920) and an average condition factor of 4.1 g/cm³. This indicated that the health status for the studied fish samples was good. Metal pollution index (MPI) values for the determined heavy metals in the different tissues reflected that the muscle was the only tissue that had the lowest content. Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) values for the investigated heavy metals were lower than those reported for the permissible limits. The data were evaluated by using ANOVA statistical analysis. For appraising the human health risk effects of heavy metals in fish muscle, estimated dietary intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were determined. HQ levels indicated that Cr and Co were the only heavy metals among the determined ones that had values more than unity. Also, their relative contributions in fish consumptions were Cr> Co> Pb> Ni> Cu> Cd> Zn. The highest average HQ value of chromium determined in this study referred to the possible adverse effects of Cr on human health. Accordingly, the potential public health risks from dietary exposure to hazardous contaminants in fish species from fish farms must be continually subjected to research, regulation and debate.     

Cattle-rangeland management practices and perceptions of pastoralists towards rangeland degradation in the Borana zone of southern Ethiopia

A survey was conducted in the Borana pastoral areas of southern Ethiopia to assess current livestock production systems, rangeland management practices and the perceptions of the pastoralists towards rangeland degradation. This information is considered vital to future pastoral development planning and interventions. Data were collected from a total of 20 villages that were identified from 5 peasant associations, namely Did Yabello, Moyatte, Did Harra, Dubuluk and Melbana. The average household size in the study area was 7.23. The majority of the pastoralists relied on both livestock and crop farming. The average livestock holding per household was 14 cattle, 10 goats, 6 sheep and 2 camels. Livestock holdings, with the exception of camels, has shown a declining trend over time. The two most important traditional rangeland management strategies adopted by the pastoralists included burning and mobility, but since 1974/75 burning has no longer been practised. With regard to mobility, the livestock herding falls in two categories, namely: home based and satellite herding. The former involves the herding of milking cows, calves and immature animals (<2 years) close to the encampments. The latter constitutes the herding of bulls and immatures (>2 years) further away from the encampments. Based on the pastoralists' perceptions, the major constraints on livestock production in descending order, were recurrent drought, feed and water scarcity, animal diseases, predators and communal land ownership. All the respondents considered the condition of the rangelands to have declined dramatically over time. In the past most development policies were based on equilibrium theories that opposed the communal use of the rangelands and traditional range management practices. The way in which the pastoral system affects the rangeland ecosystem functioning is contentious to this theory and the 'tragedy of the commons'. There was also a perceived problem of bush encroachment and the ban on traditional burning practices and recurrent droughts were seen as aggravating factors to this invasion process. The increasing practice of crop cultivation on the rangelands was identified as a serious threat to future livestock production and traditional resource management practices. Suggestions for possible interventions to improve the productivity and sustainable use of these rangelands are made.     

气候因素对沙尘天气影响的模型研究

气候因素是影响沙尘天气发生的必要条件,到目前为止,用定量模型研究气候因素对沙尘天气的影响还比较欠缺,针对这一情况,利用风速、降水、蒸发量、相对湿度和大风日数基本气象资料,提出了风速影响指数W和土壤湿度指数H,并给出了相应的指标计算方法,在此基础上建立了影响沙尘天气的气候影响指数D模型.同时选取了北京大兴、怀柔、门头沟、顺义四个区气象台站的气象资料(1961-1990年)进行模型应用,结果表明气候影响指数D和沙尘天气发生频率S有较好的线性相关性,与McTainsh的模型进行对比发现,该模型评价气候因素对沙尘天气影响作用的效果较显著.     

氯代有机污染物在厌氧条件下还原脱氯的研究进展

对氯代有机污染物在产甲烷和硫酸盐还原条件下还原脱氯的研究成果进行了综述 ,并介绍了国内外加速厌氧条件下还原脱氯的方法与成果以及缓释氢物质 (hydrogenreleasecompounds ,HRC)的工作原理与工程应用。此外 ,作者还对厌氧还原脱氯的机理和未来的研究方向进行了讨论和展望     

改进型生物滴滤塔处理H2S臭气的最适工艺条件研究

以H2S气体为研究对象,考察改进型生物滴滤塔的脱臭效能、最适工艺运行条件及其影响因素.试验结果表明,循环液喷淋量为10 L/s,气体流量为400 L/s的情况下,最高H2S负荷率可以达到68.2 g/m3·h;最适气体停留时间68.4 s.当入口H2S浓度分别为0～700 mg/m3、700～1000 mg/m3和大于1000 mg/m3时,对应的最适循环液喷淋量为10 L/s、15 L/s和60 L/s.H2S去除率100%的情况下,最大允许进气浓度可达1870 mg/m3,即最大H2S负荷率为98.4 g/m3·h.该研究表明,改进型生物滴滤塔具有较高的H2S去除能力,最适工艺运行条件的确定对污水厂臭气和化工行业产生的H2S处理具有一定的指导意义.     

污泥焚烧细颗粒物中重金属赋存形态的研究

以沈阳市某污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,采用小型流化床对污泥进行焚烧,利用布袋和荷电低压颗粒物撞击器（ELPI+）对细颗粒物进行收集,研究焚烧温度、污泥粒径、CaO的添加量对重金属赋存特性和细颗粒物微观形貌的影响,利用热力学软件FactSage7.2研究焚烧过程中重金属化学形态的变化.结果表明,随着焚烧温度的升高,残渣态变化最为明显,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn 5种重金属的残渣态增幅均在15%以上,其中重金属Cd的变化最为明显,残渣态增幅高达29%.随着污泥粒径的增大,矿物质和焦炭颗粒的破碎程度减小,最终以矿物质和焦炭破碎为来源的一些粒径较大的细颗粒物数量增加.此外,总体上重金属的赋存形态随着粒径的增加向着稳定的趋势发展.在焚烧过程中CaO是可以作为颗粒之间良好的粘合剂,促进细颗粒物之间的成长和团聚.随着CaO的添加,细颗粒物聚并成了一个更大的球状颗粒整体.     

乌鲁木齐市机动车排污检测/维修体系探讨

机动车排污检测/维修体系的改进和提高，实施检测/维修制度是在用车辆排污治理最有效、最合理、最经济的办法。本文就如何确定适合本地的检测标准、改进检测方法、提高维修技术及完善管理体系等有关方面作初步探讨。     

The condition of coral reefs in South Florida (2000) using coral disease and bleaching as indicators

The destruction of coral reef habitats has occurred at unprecedented levels during the last three decades. Coral disease and bleaching in the Caribbean and South Florida have caused extensive coral mortality with limited recovery, often coral reefs are being replaced with turf algae. Acroporids were once dominant corals and have diminished to the state where they are being considered as endangered species. Our survey assessed the condition of reef corals throughout South Florida. A probability-based design produced unbiased estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition, measured as the absence or presence and frequency or prevalence of coral diseases and bleaching intensity over large geographic regions. This approach allowed us to calculate a quantifiable level of uncertainty. Coral condition was estimated for 4100 hectares (ha) (or 41.0 km²) of coral reefs in South Florida, including reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), New Grounds, Dry Tortugas National Park (DTNP), and Biscayne National Park (BNP). The absence or presence of coral disease, causal coral bleaching, partial bleaching and coral paling were not good indicators of overall coral condition. It was more useful to report the prevalence of anomalies that indicated a compromised condition at both the population and community levels. For example, 79% of the area in South Florida had less than 6% of the coral colonies diseased, whereas only 2.2% (97.15 ha) of the sampled area had a maximum prevalence of 13% diseased coral colonies at any single location. The usefulness of causal bleaching might be more important when considering the prevalence of each of the three different states at a single location. For example, paling was observed over the entire area, whereas bleaching and partial bleaching occurred at 19 and 41% of the area, respectively. An index for coral reef condition might integrate the prevalence and species affected by each bleaching state at individual locations. By establishing these baselines, future surveys can examine changes and trends in the spatial distribution of coral conditions in South Florida and able to score the reefs as to their health status.