水生态完整性监测评价的基准与参照状态探究

水生态完整性评价通过对水生态系统中不同生态组分(非生物和生物)的监测,整合物理栖息地、环境水质和生物特征形成综合评价指数来反映水生态系统健康状况,是流域水环境管理的重要手段。笔者尝试从水生态完整性评价中基准与参照状态的核心要素出发,探讨基准与参照状态的概念框架与具体定义,综述评价参照状态的四大类确定方法(基于分类学的参照位点法、历史数据法,针对特定位点的模型预测法以及提供经验解释与描述的专家判断法),并对参照状态研究的挑战与应用予以展望。     

基于Bayesian网络的建筑火灾疏散条件安全性评估方法*

为了对建筑火灾疏散条件安全性进行评估,基于Bayesian网络对疏散条件重要构成要素及评估方法逻辑推理过程进行研究探讨。结果表明:评估网络结构、根节点、中间节点及目标节点之间存在因果关联关系;研究得出根节点先验概率与量化节点条件概率表设定方法;Bayesian网络将风险评估与人工智能分析方法相结合,实现对建筑火灾疏散条件的安全性评估,并可用于识别高风险建筑。     

配电设备的风险评估与状态检修决策方法

针对当前配电设备采用的定期检修方式未将可靠性与经济性综合考虑的问题,提出1种基于风险评估结果确定配电设备状态检修决策的方法。首先,根据配电设备健康状态评估结果计算配电设备实时健康指数,利用指数模型对配电设备的实时故障率进行计算;然后,采用最小路法计算配网中所有设备的平均实时故障率,并结合停电时用户损失严重度、配电设备损失严重度和环境损失严重度确定配电设备故障后果严重度;最后,利用风险偏好型效用函数量化计算配电设备的经济运行风险水平,计算各配电设备的相对风险值,并以相对风险值为指标确定各配电设备的状态检修策略。结合算例对所提的方法进行验证,结果表明该方法合理有效。     

Assessment of Changes in Stream and Riparian Conditions of the Marys River Basin,Nevada1

Abstract: Stream and riparian managers must effectively allocate limited financial and personnel resources to monitor and manage riparian ecosystems. They need to use management strategies and monitoring methods that are compatible with their objectives and the response potential of each stream reach. Our objective is to help others set realistic management objectives by comparing results from different methods used to document riparian recovery across a diversity of stream types. The Bureau of Land Management Elko Field Office, Nevada, used stream survey, riparian proper functioning condition (PFC) assessment, repeat photographic analysis, and stream and ecological classification to study 10 streams within the Marys River watershed of northeast Nevada during all or parts of 20 years. Most riparian areas improved significantly from 1979 to 1992‐1993 and then additionally by 1997‐2000. Improvements were observed in riparian and habitat condition indices, bank cover, and stability, pool quality, bank angle, and depth of undercut bank. Interpretation of repeat photography generally confirmed results from stream survey and should be part of long‐term riparian monitoring. More attributes of Rosgen stream types C and E improved than of types B and F. A and Gc streams did not show significant improvement. Alluvial draws and alluvial valleys improved in more ways than V‐erosional canyons and especially V‐depositional canyons. Stream survey data could not be substituted for riparian PFC assessment. Riparian PFC assessments help interpret other data.     

Describing and Mapping Human-Induced Vegetation Change in the Australian Landscape

Australian reporting requirements for native vegetation require improved spatial and temporal information on the anthropogenic effects on vegetation. This includes better linkage of information on vegetation type (e.g., native vegetation association), extent and change, vegetation condition, or modification. The Vegetation Assets, States and Transitions (VAST) framework is presented as a means for ordering vegetation by degree of anthropogenic modification as a series of condition states, from a residual or base-line condition through to total removal. The VAST framework facilitates mapping and accounting for change and trends in the status and condition of vegetation. The framework makes clear the links between land management and vegetation condition states, provides a mechanism for describing the consequences of land management practices on vegetation condition, and contributes to an understanding of resilience. VAST is a simple communication and reporting tool designed to assist in describing and accounting for anthropogenic modification of vegetation. A benchmark is identified for each vegetation association. Benchmarks are based on structure, composition, and current regenerative capacity. This article describes the application of the VAST framework as a consistent national framework to translate and compile existing mapped information on the modification of native vegetation. We discuss the correspondence between these compiled VAST datasets at national and regional scales and describe their relevance for natural resource policy and planning.     

特殊工况下船舶生活污水处理的试验研究

采用厌氧复合床反应器与接触氧化、接触沉淀相结合的工艺,针对实船条件下可能出现的重启动、倾斜、海水及淡水海水交替冲洗厕所和水力负荷增加等情况,进行了特殊工况下船舶生活污水处理的试验研究.结果表明,该组合工艺在设计条件下(HRT为5 h)重启动速度较快,可用于海水冲厕所产生的高盐度污水处理,耐受淡水海水交替变化的盐度冲击负荷变化能力较强,具有一定的水力负荷增加潜力,并且不受倾斜影响.     

对加筋土结构在某边坡工程中应用的评价

结合工程地质勘查结果,对某电厂工程原来的加筋土结构设计方案进行了评价。通过分析,认为原设计没有考虑到地表含砾粉质粘土层的影响,不仅地基承载力不够,而且整个加筋土结构从深部滑出的安全性也未能满足工程要求,说明原设计方案需要进行修改,以保证工程的安全性。在评价的过程中,提出了一些在加筋土结构设计中需要注意的问题,强调了了解和掌握场地的工程地质条件对于设计的重要性,这些都为加筋土结构在工程中的应用提供了参考。     

沼泽湿地开垦后土壤水热条件变化与碳、氮动态

三江平原沼泽湿地的垦殖对土壤环境产生了一定的影响.沼泽湿地开垦前,6～9月湿地表层土壤(10cm)温度均值为12.72℃±4.12℃,明显低于垦后农田(16.71℃±3.81℃).湿地垦殖后土壤温度的增高及氧化-还原条件的改变,促进土壤有机质的分解和土壤呼吸通量的增大, 垦后农田8～9月土壤平均呼吸通量[(946.36±195.78)mg·(m²·h)^-1]是天然沼泽湿地[(153.75±82.59)mg·(m²·h)^-1]的6倍.土壤有机碳及氮素含量随湿地开垦及开垦年限的增加而降低,沼泽湿地开垦初期5～7a,土壤有机碳及其它营养元素的含量变化幅度较大,持续耕作15～20a后,土壤有机碳损失曲线趋于相对稳定值.土壤有机质输入量的减少及分解作用加强导致土壤持水量降低,其变化趋势与土壤有机碳损失趋势相一致.     

茨榆山乡上窝铺泥石流灾害特征及防治对策

秦皇岛北部山区泥石流地质灾害隐患威胁着当地居民的生命财产安全,严重阻碍了乡村经济的快速发展。以青龙满族自治县茨榆山乡上窝铺泥石流为例,通过实地调查与数据分析,确定了泥石流成因、类型、活动状况、危害性、危险区范围;获取了泥石流流体重度规律、泥石流流速、泥石流流量、一次性固体冲出物主要力学参数特征;根据泥石流的特点及主要参数,提出监测预警方案及工程治理方案。