Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil

An analytical procedure involving a three-step sequential extraction was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn and Fe) with the major phases (exchangable, reducible and oxidizable) in samples from a fishpond of estuarine sediments. The pond is located in the Capibaribe River estuary, within the boundaries of the city of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The total metal content was determined as well. All metals were extracted from the residual fraction at a percentage greater than 50%.     

含铬电镀废水的资源化处理

针对电镀厂产生的高浓度含铬废水,研究了硫化钠还原沉淀法回收电镀废水中的铬的可能性。讨论了pH、投药量、反应时间和搅拌速率等变量对铬回收效果的影响。结果表明:在pH1.6,工业硫化钠(60%)投加量为4.0g/L废水,搅拌速率170r/min和反应时间t=90min的条件下能够将原水中初始浓度为533.1mg/L的三价铬C(rⅢ)和530.0mg/L的六价铬[C(rⅥ)]分别降到42.9mg/L和0.01mg/L。此时铬渣中三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)含量为29.5%,满足回用要求。接下来,为了进一步去除残余的三价铬C(rⅢ),利用正交试验设计讨论了重金属捕集剂(FZ)对其去除的最佳条件。在上述条件下出水中总铬(TCr)浓度最终降到0.94mg/L。     

土壤-植物系统中铬的环境行为及其毒性评价

由于铬及其化合物的使用和含铬废弃物的大量排放,空气、土壤、水和食品都不同程度地受到了铬污染.对于铬污染,尤其是与人体健康密切相关的土壤系统铬污染的研究,已成为国内外相关领域的热点.其中铬在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化规律备受关注.本文详细介绍了铬的基础化学、土壤-植物系统中铬迁移转化的影响因素(土壤理化性质、铬的供给形态、浓度、植物种类等)以及该系统中铬的生态毒性,总结了通过综合分析土壤-植物系统中植物、土壤微生物、土壤动物的生态毒理数据来评估土壤-植物系统中铬生态风险的方法,并指出了这一领域研究工作的不足之处,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

模拟酸雨条件下降尘中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr各形态的溶出和转化研究

本文用Ｔｅｓｓｌｅｒ方法，研究了模拟酸雨条件下，降尘中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｒ各形态的溶出和相互转化。试验表明：（１）降尘中Ｃｕ，Ｃｒ的溶出量随酸雨酸度的增大而增加；Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ没分别在ＰＨ＝３．５和ＰＨ＝４．５时溶出量最大，溶出的金属多源于可交换态和碳酸盐结合态，说明这两种形态的稳定性较差。（２）在模拟酸雨条件下，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｒ各形态的含量发生了较大变化；Ｃｕ从其优势形态有机结合态向可交换态     

Bioremediation of Chromate by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Cytochromes c3 and hydrogenases

The treatment of soils and ground waters polluted by heavy metals is of economical and environmental interest. Reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III) associated to its precipitation is a potentially useful process for bioremediation. In order to develop ecological processes using micro-organisms, we have compared various sulfate-reducing bacteria for enzymatic reduction of chromate. The best Cr(VI) reductase activity was obtained with Desulfomicrobium norvegicum. Despite morphological changes induced by the presence of chromate, this strain can grow in the presence of up to 500 M Cr(VI) and can decontaminate waters polluted by Cr(VI) when seeded in bioreactors. We have demonstrated the ability of several metalloenzymes (cytochromes c ₃ and hydrogenases) to reduce chromate. Biophysical investigations of the chromate/protein interaction in order to get further informations on the mechanism of metal reduction by cytochromes c ₃ are under the way.     

Removal of Cr(VI) from simulative contaminated groundwater by iron metal

The Cr(VI) removal from simulative contaminated groundwater using zero-valent iron (Fe⁰) filings, Fe⁰ powder and nanoscale Fe⁰ in batch experimental mode was studied. Cr(VI) is a primary pollutant of some soils and groundwater. Zero-valent iron, an important natural reductant, could transform Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is much less toxic and immobile. The Cr(VI) removal percentage was 87% at a metal to solution ratio of 6 g l⁻¹ for commercial iron powder (200 mesh) in 120 min, and 100% Cr(VI) was removed when the metal to solution ratio was 10 g l⁻¹. The results demonstrates that the Cr(VI) removal percentage was affected apparently by pH, the amount of Fe powder and the reaction temperature. The Cr(VI) removal percentage with nanoscale Fe⁰ was much higher than those with Fe⁰ filings or Fe⁰ powder at the same reaction time. Electrochemical analysis of the reaction process led to the conclusion that the Cr(VI) trended to form Cr(III) hydroxide under the reaction conditions. The kinetics analysis showed that Cr(VI) reduction by Fe⁰ could be described as a pseudo-first-order kinetics model.     

UV/TiO2光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)过程中吸附作用的影响及其消除

研究了水体中Cr(Ⅵ)离子在UV/TiO₂体系中光催化还原过程.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)离子UV/TiO₂光催化还原过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学规律.不存在有机物时,TiO₂吸附作用是该反应的前提.pH=1.5～2.5时吸附性能较好,而且pH=1.5～10的初始反应速率同pH值有线性关系.在TiO₂表面的竞争吸附能力按PO₄^3->SO₄^2->Cl^->NO₃^-依次减弱.甲酸、甲醛有机物的协同作用可提高Cr(Ⅵ)离子的光催化还原速率和效率,并消除由暗态吸附对反应所起的作用,磷酸根离子极强的竞争吸附能力,使有机物的协同作用减弱.     

磁性生物炭负载Mg-Fe水滑石的制备及其吸附水中Cd（Ⅱ）和Ni（Ⅱ）的性能

合成了一种高吸附容量的磁性生物炭负载Mg-Fe水滑石复合材料（L-BC）,并用于去除水中的Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺。表征结果表明,采用浸渍联合热解法成功制备了磁性生物炭（M-BC）,水热合成法成功地将Mg-Fe水滑石负载在M-BC上。动力学研究结果表明,Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺吸附符合伪二级动力学模型,化学吸附为速率控制步骤。等温吸附研究结果表明,L-BC对Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层化学吸附,最大吸附量分别为263.156 mg/g和43.291 mg/g。吸附机理主要为Mg-Fe水滑石层间CO₃^2-和表面羟基与Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺产生表面共沉淀。L-BC具有良好的吸附和重复利用性能,是一种很有前景的去除Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺的吸附材料。     

腐殖酸吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的对比实验研究

研究了未处理的腐殖酸(HA)和不溶性腐殖酸(IHA)对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附作用.进行了反应时间、pH值、IHA投加量、温度等对去除效率的影响研究,确定了两种吸附剂最佳反应条件,并通过对比实验,分析了两种吸附剂吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的特点.实验表明,HA达到最大吸附量时所需要的反应时间(180 min左右)远远高于IHiA的反应时间...     

用改性赤泥吸附废水中的六价铬

用国内烧结法产生的赤泥作主要原料,以氯化铁为改性剂制得改性赤泥,用其吸附含铬废水中的重铬酸根阴离子。当废水中六价铬的质量浓度为80mg／L时,在环境温度为30℃、改性赤泥投加量为10g／L、pH为2左右的酸性环境中,2h达到吸附平衡,去除率可达96．18％。并且利用Langmuir等温式和Freundlich等温式对其吸附机理进行了探讨,结果表明,氯化铁改性赤泥对重铬酸根阴离子的吸附是通过物理吸附和化学吸附的协同作用来进行的。