简化连续提取法评价污染土壤中Zn、Cd的植物有效性

以0.01 mol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.005 mol·L^-1 DTPA作为提取剂,用简化的3步连续提取法对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染土壤中Zn、Cd的形态进行了分析.结果显示,污染土壤中Zn、Cd主要以残渣态的形式存在,CaCl₂提取态和DTPA提取态Zn、Cd平均仅占全量的0.63%、3.91%和10.94%、10.13%.土壤中不同形态Zn、Cd含量与玉米中Zn、Cd含量的相关分析结果显示,CaCl₂提取态金属与玉米中金属含量没有显著的相关关系,而DTPA提取态、残渣态以及总量Zn、Cd与玉米根、茎叶中Zn、Cd含量显著正相关.这些结果表明CaCl₂提取态Zn、Cd对土壤中该元素的植物有效态可能不具重要贡献,而DTPA提取态金属和金属总量在一定程度上能作为评价土壤中元素植物有效性的标准.     

高炉渣制备光催化剂及其催化活性的研究

以废弃的冶金高炉渣为原料,采用混酸酸溶-水热合成法制备了光催化剂,并对其进行了SEM、UV-Vis、XRD、比表面积等物性测试分析;通过处理甲基橙模拟废水,探讨了制备过程中渣酸比、混酸配比、渣用量、溶渣时间等条件对高炉渣制光催化剂活性的影响。将所制光催化剂与P25光催化剂进行对比分析,结果表明,高炉渣制光催化剂不仅具有较高的光催化活性,而且制备成本低廉,仅为P25光催化剂的1/10,这对于冶金高炉渣的循环再利用及光催化氧化技术的工业化应用具有重要的实际意义。     

不同物质对铬价态测定结果的影响

采用单波长法和双波长法,分别考察了KH2PO4、H3PO4、H2SO4、KNO3、牛肉膏和蛋白胨对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)质量浓度测定的影响。结果显示,Cr(III)和Cr(VI)在测量中是相互影响的,并且Cr(III)对Cr(VI)影响较显著。在单波长法测定中,牛肉膏、蛋白胨及2种酸对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的影响较钾盐对其影响更为显著,H3PO4和H2SO4对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的特征吸收峰值影响最大,降低幅度在20%～50%。这些物质对双波长法测定Cr(VI)几乎没有影响;但对Cr(III)测定中,H2SO4和H3PO4的影响较大,其相对误差分别为14.57%和8.87%,其余物质产生的相对误差均小于1.6%。因此,双波长法可用于生物样品中Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的测定,线性范围分别为0～160 mg/L和0～80mg/L。     

采用固定化技术处理土壤中菲、芘污染物

采用动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.)固定化技术包埋来降解土壤中菲、芘污染物,在不同接种量、不同系列浓度下,对降解效果进行了测定.结果表明:5%的接种量最为合理,在168h时,固定化细菌对菲、芘的降解率达84.89%和76.94%;而在相同条件下土著菌降解仅达到27.85%和19.65%,因此动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.)具有更好的降解能力.另外,还用电镜观察研究了动胶杆菌在载体中的分布形态,表明了固定化细菌降解土壤中菲、芘具有较高的优势.     

Laboratory investigation of Waelz slag stabilization

Electric Arc Furnace dusts are considered hazardous waste due to their high heavy metals content (zinc, lead, etc.). The Waelz process is one of the most efficient technologies, in terms of capacity and quality, able to recover nearly the 90% of zinc contained in such EAF dusts. Unfortunately, the resulting slag still has eco-compatibility problems, although its mechanical and chemical properties are suitable for civil engineering applications. Stabilization tests, by quartz addition, were performed on EAF dusts in a laboratory furnace. Temperature, treatment time and cooling rate were varied in order to define the best conditions for regulating the formation of a stable microstructure able to hinder the release of substances. Microstructural characterization was carried-out using SEM and XRD analysis. Leaching tests were performed according to EN 12457-2 standards and water analyses were performed using ICP-OES. The best chemical stability was achieved when dust powders were mixed with 20% of silica and water-cooled.     

淋滤条件对矿物废渣中铊释放的影响

研究了淋滤时间、淋滤液pH值、粒径及滤速对沉灰渣中铊释放的影响，结果表明：上述因素均能影响废渣表面铁氧化物的水解，这种水解支配着铊释放的过程；滤速及碱性颗粒的参予能显著影响废渣表面的水解作用。     

The nature and significance of public exposure to arsenic: a review of its relevance to South West England

In South West England, more than two hundred years of intensive exploitation of metalliferous ore deposits, combined with the natural processes of pedogenesis from mineral-rich parent rocks, has resulted in the creation of a aignificant area of arsenic-contaminated wastes and soils. The scale of arsenic dispersion by natural and anthropogenic processes is such that 722 km² of land contains concentrations of arsenic in excess of 110 g g^–1, more than twice the maximum that might be expected in a normal soil.The general rationale for the clean-up of derelict and contaminated mining sites often includes aesthetic factors and the desirability of preventing the dispersion of contaminants beyond the site boundaries. Only in extreme cases is public health directly invoked as justification for remediation. In South West England, if arsenic constitutes a genuine threat to the public, an increased rate of site remediation would be justified. The primary purpose of this review is to establish whether or not widespread arsenic contamination (principally of soils) has any measurable effects on public health in South West England, and how this might affect current contaminated site remediation policy. The review is based on data from previous research in the region, and other relevant international studies of mining and smelting communities, and other populations exposed to elevated arsenic concentrations. The literature reviewed also includes the determination of the extent and sources of contamination, and pathways between source and man.While the contamination of potable waters in some countries has led to measurable health effects, this scenario has not yet been identified in South West England, and there is little reason to believe that significantly contaminated potable water supplies would escape detection for extended periods of time under the current monitoring regime.In relative terms (based on both globaland local data), one of the most significant links between contaminated soils and humans appears to be contaminated food stuffs. In absolute terms, such exposure is low due to the natural constraints on arsenic uptake by herbage, cereal crops and vegetables, and the food chain does not appear to have been significantly compromised in South West England. Chronic health effects are unlikely as excessive arsenic concentrations in locally grown food crops remain rare.With the problems of confounding medical and social factors, it is not surprising that studies in South West England have failed to identify chronic exposure to arsenic at very low concentrations as a significant health risk. Those studies that indicate otherwise do not stand up to close scrutiny. It appears that the number of additional deaths arising from the widespread arsenic contamination in South West England is small. The relative benefits of a costly statistical study to actually determine the number of additional deaths might be considered minimal, but one major area could benefit from further studies: the sensitivity of certain population sub-groups to environmental arsenic exposure. Of particular interest are children, for whom significant exposure to arsenic via soil ingestion may be occurring.Based on available information, there appears to be no justification for a large programme of site remediation. Resources should, however, be expended on enlightening the general public, and private and governmental organisations as regards the gap between the perceived and actual significance of arsenic contamination in South West England.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

切断位置对赤子爱胜蚓再生速度的影响

将赤子爱胜蚓从脑、生殖环部位和总体节的 1/ 2和 3/ 4的位置切断 ,得到有头无尾、无头无尾、无头有尾 3种类型 16个处理体段 ,在 (2 0± 1)℃人工气候箱中培养 ,测定其再生速度 .结果表明 ,赤子爱胜蚓切断的位置不同 ,其再生速度不同 .其中 ,脑部的存在与否 ,对再生速度没有显著的影响 .但是生殖环存在的处理比切除生殖环的处理再生速度快 ,且存活率高 .无头无尾体段再生前部和再生后部的比较表明 ,再生前部比再生后部慢 .体节的损失越少 ,再生的速度越快 .图 6表 3参 11     

有机氯农药六六六污染土壤的植物修复研究

我国20世纪六七十年代大量施用的有机氯农药,由于其性质极其稳定,在土壤至今仍有残留。植物修复有机农药污染土壤并不多见,但具有广阔的应用前景。此项研究对提高土壤环境质量、保证农产品的安全、实现农业可持续发展等有着重要的理论和现实意义。文章以多花黑麦草(Lolium multiforum Lan.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)和籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)作为供试植物,在有机氯农药六六六(HCH)质量分数为1.09 mg.kg-1的污染土壤中种植3个月,研究了种植不同植物条件下土壤中HCH的消解情况。研究结果表明,与对照相比,种植植物大大提高了土壤中微生物数量和酶的活性,并且微生物的数量和酶的活性与土壤中HCH的消解密切相关。试验结束后,不同处理中HCH及其4种异构体的总含量降低幅度为43.87%~65.79%,其中种植紫花苜蓿和多花黑麦草的处理中HCH消解较快,对HCH污染土壤修复的效果较好。可见,植物修复技术是一种可行的环境友好的修复六六六污染土壤的技术。     

酵母融合菌对铬离子的吸附特性研究

酵母融合菌的完整细胞、细胞壁、细胞内含物富集水体中的铬,比较了各组分对铬离子的吸附能力差异,并进行了模型拟合.结果表明:细胞壁的去除率和吸附量都明显高于完整细胞;完整细胞及细胞壁对铬的吸附均符合Freundlich和Langmuir热力学方程,且细胞壁对Cr6 的最大吸附量和吸附亲和力都大于完整细胞,说明细胞壁是该吸附剂吸附重金属离子的主要部位.同时利用多种分析手段研究了各组分对铬的吸附行为:酵母细胞壁的特殊结构以及AFM图显示细胞壁可以为活性基团吸附、络合或螯合金属离子提供更为广阔的空间;X-射线衍射和FTIR分析检测表明吸附剂对铬的吸附并未破坏其本身的结构.