Effect of cooling rate and laser process parameters on additive manufactured Fe–Ti–C metal matrix composites microstructure and carbide morphology

In this paper, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of Fe–TiC composite coating on AISI 1030 carbon steel is investigated using a numerical and experimental method. In order to have a desired result using LAM, it is crucial to understand the effects of the process parameters’ values on the TiC morphology and microstructure. For this purpose, the LAM process is numerically simulated in order to calculate cooling rate and peak temperature. Experimental data and numerical results are in good agreement in terms of the phase development. Results show that cooling rate plays a crucial role in phase transformation in the clad, however, final microstructure strongly depends on the cooling rate and powder's chemical composition. Two main carbide morphologies (i.e. dendritic and particulate) are studied and relevant cooling rates are detected. Based on this paper and developed map, it is possible to control the cooling rate in order to achieve specific carbide morphologies in the clad. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are used to characterize clads’ microstructure.     

Implementation of the European IPPC Directive—BAT guidelines for the cement industry in Cyprus

The European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive 96/61/EC aims to introduce a European-wide system of integrated prevention and control of pollution in order to secure a high level of protection to the environment as a whole. It places obligations on the Member States (MS) to introduce controls that ensure operators comply with the Directive. In this framework, as a part of the implementation process leading to formal accession of Cyprus to the European Union, the National Technical University of Athens has examined all documents related to the Best Available Techniques (BATs) published by Institutes and Organisations, such as the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies in Spain, the Environmental Protection Agency in Ireland, the World Bank Group and the Ministry for the Environment, Planning and Public Works in Greece. A series of guidelines were developed for the application of BATs for 14 categories of the Cypriot industry that fall into the IPPC Directive. The concept of BATs plays a central role in the Directive because it provides a basis for setting Emission Limit Values (ELVs) as well as the principal benchmark for determining the obligations of industrial operators in respect of pollution prevention and control. This paper presents the guidelines for cement manufacture in Cyprus.     

The experiences of four corporate officials managing compliance with the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act

The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA), one of the original pollution prevention laws, has faced repeated repeal attempts and budget cuts. Yet the Massachusetts toxics use data and other analyses have provided firm indications that the law has actually worked. Though the program has survived it is notable that an approach that both saves money and reduces pollution has been reduced and not expanded. This paper does not attempt to answer the question of why the strategies of TURA have not seen wider application, but offers four stories to illustrate what happens when they are properly applied. The experience of corporate officials who had to comply with TURA, related at a symposium on the occasion of the law’s 20th anniversary, shed light on how a strong pollution prevention law can benefit regulated companies as well as the environment and worker and public health, and provide suggestions, in addition to data and surveys, that TURA-like sets of governance tools should receive wider consideration.     

沸石在环境保护中的新应用

本综述了沸石在控制环境中亚硝胺污染,净化处理废水以及沸石在农业生产和其他环境保护领域中应用的新进展。沸石是香烟添加剂的首选材料,能使侧流烟气中的亚硝胺减少一半,主流烟气中减少约70％,减轻吸烟和被动吸烟的污染危害。沸石的净化作用源于其对亚硝胺特殊的催化和吸附作用。香烟燃烧所产生的亚硝胺如果在高温下接触沸石,将被催化裂解;如果亚硝胺在较低温度下接触沸石,也会被沸石吸附而不再污染环境。沸石的特殊吸附功能使之成为缓释肥料的重要组成部分。沸石和高分子材料组装、分散之后,能制成调控植物根苗附近小环境水含量的功能性复合材料。     

钢铁生产流程污染贡献综合评价方法研究

采用层次分析法,建立了钢铁生产过程污染贡献综合评价的指标体系和评价方法,并将其应用于不同生产规模和技术水平的2个典型案例(钢铁联合企业A和B)的各工序污染贡献整体性评价. 结果表明:企业A和B各工序污染贡献排序基本相同,与实际情况相符,但企业B各工序污染贡献综合评价值低于企业A,表明规模效应和技术进步可以大幅降低过程的污染强度;铁前工序是钢铁行业污染最为严重的环节,是清洁生产技术升级的关键所在.      

典型农药制造企业废气污染物排放特征及风险评估

选取2家典型农药制造企业为研究对象,探究农药制造行业废气排放特征、环境影响和人体健康风险.结果表明,不同企业由于产品、生产环节的不同产生的污染物存在一定差异,A企业污染物以氨、含氧有机物和卤代烃为主,B企业污染物以卤代烃为主.臭氧生成潜势(OFP)范围在1.96～107.24 mg·m^-3之间,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)范围为0.94～74.72 mg·m^-3,对OFP和SOAFP贡献较大为含氧有机物、芳香烃和卤代烃.农药企业恶臭物质较为复杂,主要恶臭物质涵盖了硫化物、含氧有机物、含氮化合物和芳香烃.农药企业所有排气筒废气的LCR均高于10^-6,存在一定的致癌风险,A企业LCR范围为4.10×10^-6～5.34×10^-3之间,B企业LCR范围在1.23×10^-3～4.35×10^-1之间,卤代烃,特别是1,2-二氯乙烷是农药企业主要的致癌风险物质,需要企业加以重视.     

北京市典型溶剂使用行业VOCs成分谱

基于北京市挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放清单和下一阶段VOCs减排的需求,针对汽车整车制造、木质家具制造和出版物印刷这3个主要溶剂使用行业,分别选取典型企业作为研究对象,采用负压法对重点排放环节进行采样,以GC-MS/FID系统测定样品中VOCs组分构成,从而获取了北京市典型溶剂使用行业VOCs成分谱.结果表明,汽车整车制造主要排放环节排放的VOCs组分存在明显差异,色漆涂装工序以含氧VOCs和芳香烃为主,分别占比71. 26%和27. 14%,罩光工序芳香烃达到84. 10%;木质家具制造业不同排放环节的VOCs组分差异不大,均以含氧VOCs和芳香烃为主,分别占55. 08%和18. 98%;出版物印刷业不同排放环节无法单独监测,其混合废气VOCs组分以烷烃和含氧VOCs为主,分别占比47. 29%和44. 57%.     

Volatile organic compounds concentration profiles and control strategy in container manufacturing industry: Case studies in China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), important precursors of ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), are the key to curb the momentum of O₃ growth and further reducing PM_2.5 in China. Container manufacturing industry is one of the major VOC emitters, and more than 96% containers of the world are produced in China, with the annual usage of coatings of over 200,000 tons in recent years. This is the first research on the emission characteristics of VOCs in Chinese container manufacturing industry, including concentration and ozone formation potential (OFP) of each species. The result shows that the largest amounts of VOCs are emitted during the pretreatment process, followed by the paint mixing process and primer painting process, and finally other sprays process. The average VOC concentrations in the workshops, the exhausts before treatment and the exhausts after treatment are ranging from 82.67–797.46 , 170–1,812.65 , 66.20–349.63 mg/m³, respectively. Benzenes, alcohols and ethers are main species, which contribute more than 90% OFP together. Based on the emission characteristics of VOCs and the technical feasibility, it is recommended to set the emission limit in standard of benzene to 1.0 mg/m³, toluene to 10 mg/m³, xylene to 20 mg/m³, benzenes to 40 mg/m³, alcohols and ethers to 50 mg/m³, and VOCs to 100 mg/m³. The study reports the industry emission characteristics and discusses the standard limits, which is a powerful support to promote VOCs emission reduction, and to promote the coordinated control of PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution.     

基于数智化生产线的木质建材生产碳排放评估

为研究数智化生产线的木质建材碳排放特征,为减碳策略提供底层数据支撑,对某数智化工厂生产的地板、木门和门套进行了基于生命周期评价的碳排放核算,其单位质量碳足迹分别为1.21,1.26和0.47kgCO₂e/kg,地板和木门的碳排放强度均高于同类产品.材料和制造过程是木质建材产品的主要碳排放来源,分别占产品总碳排的54.74%~77.47%和18.57%~38.94%;运输阶段和废气处理阶段碳排放之和均低于碳排放总量的9%.基于蒙特卡洛模拟的不确定性分析表明本研究结果具有较高精准度.数智化工厂未来可考虑从甄选低碳原材料、优化产品设计、提升设备能源效率、扩大清洁能源比例等方面进一步提升.     

上海市专项化学品制造行业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

选取上海市某工业区内专项化学品制造行业中有代表性的10家企业,使用苏玛罐对各企业有组织排放废气进行采样,通过GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对106种VOCs进行分析,研究了专项化学品制造行业的VOCs排放特征,并使用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法计算了各企业排放VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明:OVOCs（含氧挥发性有机物）和芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的VOCs特征组分,OVOCs与芳香烃质量分数之和为65.0%~100.0%;8家企业排放的VOCs中质量分数最高的物种均为OVOCs,w（OVOCs）为55.8%~99.9%.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等OVOCs及苯、甲苯等芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的特征物种.10家企业排放VOCs的OFP（臭氧生成潜势）为1.9~933.5 mg/m 3,OVOCs和芳香烃是专项化学品制造企业的主要活性组分,累计对OFP的贡献率在80.1%~100.0%之间.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲基异丁基酮、苯和甲苯等是专项化学品制造行业的关键活性物种.研究显示,专项化学品制造行业VOCs污染治理应重点控制OVOCs和芳香烃.