机械制造企业开展安全标准化工作的难点及对策

企业开展安全标准化工作可控制事故发生,提高安全管理水平。该文以中国重汽集团所属子公司为实例,分析其在达标过程中的各项数据,找出机械制造企业开展安全标准化达标工作的难点所在。经分析,机械制造企业开展安全标准化达标工作的难点主要集中在企业安全投入不足,安全生产管理工作的宽度和深度不够,忽略生产中的细节问题以及未能完善处理历史遗留问题等。针对这些工作难点本文提出机械制造企业应加大安全投入提高专业水平,全面动员精心组织,全面整改注重工作深度,建立长效机制不断完善提高等对策措施。以上措施在中国重型汽车集团所属九家子公司安全标准化达标工作中起到了积极的作用,值得其他机械制造类企业借鉴。     

Small Business Owners’ Knowledge of Their Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Legislative Responsibilities

This article reports the results of a study investigating the nature and extent of small manufacturing business owners’ knowledge of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues. Interviews were conducted with 33 owners of small manufacturing businesses in Sydney, Australia. Results showed that whereas the majority of owners had basic awareness of the existence of OHS legislation, they were often unaware about the extent of their legal OHS responsibilities. Owners were found to have minimal OHS training and practical OHS expertise. Lack of appropriate industry specific OHS information was found to be a major factor that inhibited the owners’ ability to deal with OHS issues effectively.     

电路板生产项目施工期环境监理实践重点

结合环境监理工作实践与体会,对电路板生产项目环境监理工作重点进行探讨,分析了电路板生产项目开展环境监理工作的必要性;给出了电路板生产项目环境监理工作重点,包括设计环保符合性核查、环保“三同时”、隐蔽工程、环境风险防范措施、清洁生产和循环经济、排放口和在线监测系统等;指出了该类型项目环境监理工作存在尚未制定建设项目环境监理分类管理名录、缺乏环境监理技术规范、环境监理机构授权不足的问题;针对问题,给出了制定建设项目环境监理分类管理名录及环境监理技术规范、提高建设单位环境保护意识的对策与建议。     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste （MHW） which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10^5 ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out infield investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize haz- ardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

Geographic Concentration in China''''s Manufacturing

This paper empirically examines variations and changes in manufacturing concentration and their determinants in China over the 1980-2003 period with a sample of 26 industries. The analysis indicates that average industrial concentration has increased during the 1990s. Studies show that scale economies and industry policies are important determinants for industries geographical concentration; factor endowments and the location of foreign direct investment are also found to have a positive effect on concentration.     

生物柴油制备工艺影响因素的探讨

介绍了生物柴油制备的基本工艺,着重阐述了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、醇油比、水分以及游离脂肪酸含量对生物柴油制备的影响,并提出了生物柴油制备工艺今后的研究方向和开发前景。     

果汁生产废水处理工程实践

根据果汁生产废水的特点,采用混凝沉淀＋厌氧＋二级好氧处理的工艺,该工艺运行一段时间,处理效果稳定,BOD5的去除率大于95％,COD的去除率大于95％,出水水质达到污水综合排放一级标准。     

香烟燃烧过程有害元素气固分配比实验研究

在香烟燃烧过程中会有部分元素残留在灰相,另一部分元素随气相迁移进入大气和吸烟者呼吸道,本文借助稳定残留在烟灰中的元素K为桥梁,估算了三种品牌香烟中8个有害元素在香烟燃烧过程中随气相迁移和残留在灰相中的分配比例。Hg、Cd、As、Se是其中容易进入气相的元素,迁移比例为Hg89.40%、Cd73.92%、As67.12%、Se61.68%,Pb、Be、Ni、Cr则容易残留在烟灰中,迁移比例为Pb44.53%、Be23.90%、Ni19.60%、Cr19.56%。不同品牌的香烟中元素含量和元素的迁移状况虽有不同,但元素总体表现一致。考虑元素在香烟中的赋存量和迁移进入气相的比例后,Pb、Cd是燃烧过程中释放量较大的元素。     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

甲胺生产废水中甲醇的资源化研究

根据甲胺生产废水中各有机物沸点的差异,利用盐酸作为掩蔽剂,通过正交试验和单因素优化试验,对蒸馏法回收甲胺生产废水中甲醇的工艺条件进行优化,表明:在保温温度85℃,保温时间180min,掩蔽剂比(酸(∶氨+胺))1.1:1条件下,甲醇的回收率在80%以上,剩余的氨氮维持在0.4g/L,COD去除率约30%,掩蔽效率在97%以上,出水氯离子浓度为190～195mg/L,pH值6.94～6.99;余液中的混胺盐和铵盐通过蒸发结晶可制得高效氮肥。因此用蒸馏法回收甲醇具有良好的效果,实现了甲胺生产废水中甲醇的资源化。