基于层次分析与集对理论的城市污染场地风险等级划分

城市污染场地风险评价过程充满不确定性因素,其中评价系统的客观随机性、评价因子选取的不完整以及监测数据的不精确都易导致评价结果失真,不能客观反映场地的实际风险情况。在综合考虑场地污染带来的潜在生态风险和人体健康风险的基础上,本文将递阶分层的评价指标体系用于场地污染风险分级,采用层次分析法确定了各层各指标的权重;并用模糊聚类思想建立了评价指标集,同时对综合评价指标进行量化,根据对综合评价指标的取值研究,将污染场地风险等级划分为低、中、较重、重和严重5类;构建了一个基于不确定信息的场地污染风险集对分析模型。实例验证表明,集对分析法与模糊综合评价法评价结果基本一致,评价手段合理,为场地污染风险等级划分提供了一种新方法。     

IC+A/O工艺在制药废水处理中的应用

针对某制药公司生产废水的特点,采用高效厌氧反应器——内循环厌氧反应器(简称IC工艺)+A/O工艺进行处理。系统稳定运行后,在进水ρ(COD)为3 500 mg/L、ρ(SS)为300 mg/L时,去除率分别达到97.9%、92.5%。处理后出水水质稳定,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

基于贝叶斯网络的煤矿事故人因推理

煤矿事故的不可重现性决定了事故原因的调查具有很强的不确定性,如何通过事故发生后的相关信息提高事故深层次原因调查的准确性是非常重要的。将HFACS与贝叶斯网络相结合,以煤矿事故HFACS分析结果为样本,通过卡方检验和让步比分析建立人因的贝叶斯网络因果图,进一步利用最大似然估计算法确定了煤矿事故人因的贝叶斯网络参数。最后,以双柳煤业顶板事故的调查信息为证据推理导致煤矿事故发生的深层次原因,提高事故原因调查的准确性,从而验证模型的有效性。     

基于风险的特种设备使用单位分类监管应用研究

为提高特种设备安全监管效率,缓解设备数量增长与监察力量不足之间的矛盾,基于风险管理理论,提出在风险评价的基础上对特种设备使用单位实施分类监管。在前期特种设备使用单位风险评价体系研究的基础上,结合2011年、2012年的试点应用情况,对风险评价体系的具体评价流程、结果及科学合理性进行了研究。结果表明:C类使用单位的数量依然占据近一半的数量,需引起监管部门的高度重视;同时验证了风险评价体系科学合理、可操作性强,能够有效指导全国分类监管工作的开展。     

基于事故树分析的钻井井漏事故危险评价研究

基于事故致因理论建立井漏事故模型,将井漏事故危险源分为地质条件不佳、井底压力过大、井漏诱因和应急失效4类,提出基于事故树方法的钻井井漏危险性专项评价方法。以东安1井为例,对东安1井井漏事故的风险源进行分析,找出导致井漏的主要原因,通过对最小割集和最小径集的分析可知对井漏事故影响最大的是地质情况因素。对井漏事故的预防提出建议:井眼轨迹设计时应重点考虑地层的地质条件;施工过程中严格按规章操作,并建立良好的应急救援机制。     

环境风险源及其分类方法研究

环境风险源的分类是进行环境风险源识别和监管的基础.已有的以人的安全为主要关注对象的重大危险源管理,对事故的潜在环境危害考虑欠缺,无法体现事故可能产生的环境风险影响.阐明环境风险源的基本概念,比较环境风险源与危险源的区别,针对环境风险源的特点,从环境受体、危害物质状态和风险传播方式3个方面提出了环境风险源的分类方法.实际应用中,环境风险源的分类需综合考虑当地环境管理需求、环境受体状况、主要危害物质类别等,选择合适的分类方法.     

间歇曝气-内循环生物滤池效能及生物膜特性

针对间歇曝气耦合内循环生物滤池的强化脱氮作用机制尚不明确的问题,探究了反应器沿程污染物去除特性,运用多项测试手段解析系统沿程生物量、生物活性、硝化及反硝化速率,并对反应器内沿程微生物种群特性进行分析.试验结果表明:沿程类蛋白荧光强度逐渐减弱,最终出水并未检测到类蛋白峰;反应器沿程10～50cm区段NH4+-N的降低并没...     

气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理与回用技术

介绍了一种新型膜生物反应器———气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理和再生回用技术。该技术膜单元和生物单元分置 ,生物单元和膜单元间的水力循环利用气升动力 ,无需循环水泵 ,系统具有维护方便、运行能耗低和建设投资省等特点。采用该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水 ,处理水质可达到建设部颁布的《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ2 5 1 89)。给出了该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水的工程建设投资指标、水处理成本和水处理能耗指标 ,处理能耗 0 6～ 0 8kWh/m3 。该新型膜生物反应器污水再生回用技术具有良好的市场应用前景 ,技术经济可行。     

Catalyzing success in community-based conservation

Efforts to devolve rights and engage Indigenous Peoples and local communities in conservation have increased the demand for evidence of the efficacy of community-based conservation (CBC) and insights into what enables its success. We examined the human well-being and environmental outcomes of a diverse set of 128 CBC projects. Over 80% of CBC projects had some positive human well-being or environmental outcomes, although just 32% achieved positive outcomes for both (i.e., combined success). We coded 57 total national-, community-, and project-level variables and controls from this set, performed random forest classification to identify the variables most important to combined success, and calculated accumulated local effects to describe their individual influence on the probability of achieving it. The best predictors of combined success were 17 variables suggestive of various recommendations and opportunities for conservation practitioners related to national contexts, community characteristics, and the implementation of various strategies and interventions informed by existing CBC frameworks. Specifically, CBC projects had higher probabilities of combined success when they occurred in national contexts supportive of local governance, confronted challenges to collective action, promoted economic diversification, and invested in various capacity-building efforts. Our results provide important insights into how to encourage greater success in CBC.     

Introducing a common taxonomy to support learning from failure in conservation

Although some sectors have made significant progress in learning from failure, there is currently limited consensus on how a similar transition could best be achieved in conservation and what is required to facilitate this. One of the key enabling conditions for other sectors is a widely accepted and standardized classification system for identifying and analyzing root causes of failure. We devised a comprehensive taxonomy of root causes of failure affecting conservation projects. To develop this, we solicited examples of real-life conservation efforts that were deemed to have failed in some way, identified their underlying root causes of failure, and used these to develop a generic, 3-tier taxonomy of the ways in which projects fail, at the top of which are 6 overarching cause categories that are further divided into midlevel cause categories and specific root causes. We tested the taxonomy by asking conservation practitioners to use it to classify the causes of failure for conservation efforts they had been involved in. No significant gaps or redundancies were identified during this testing phase. We then analyzed the frequency that particular root causes were encountered by projects within this test sample, which suggested that some root causes were more likely to be encountered than others and that a small number of root causes were more likely to be encountered by projects implementing particular types of conservation action. Our taxonomy could be used to improve identification, analysis, and subsequent learning from failed conservation efforts, address some of the barriers that currently limit the ability of conservation practitioners to learn from failure, and contribute to establishing an effective culture of learning from failure within conservation.