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841.
地下水循环井技术修复硝基苯污染含水层效果模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
白静  赵勇胜  孙超  秦传玉  于凌 《环境科学》2014,35(10):3775-3781
实验在二维模拟槽中进行,以曝气前后地下水水位高度变化表征地下水循环强度,分析了地下水初始水位,曝气量和地下水初始流速对循环井运行的影响,并以得到的最佳运行参数进行硝基苯污染地下水修复效果模拟.结果表明,地下水初始水位45 cm,曝气量0.7 m3·h-1,地下水初始流速低于1.0 m·d-1时,循环井可以达到良好运行状态.硝基苯在地下水中的纵向迁移距离明显大于横向,泄漏第50 d时,平均浓度达到246.97 mg·L-1.循环井修复过程中,逐渐形成一个以循环井为中心的有机物高效修复区域.该区域内有机物被优先去除,浓度持续下降.高效修复区域外,存在过渡区域,该区域内有机物的浓度受有机物吸附/解吸和迁移性共同作用影响.整个修复过程中,硝基苯的浓度经历了快速下降-缓慢下降-浓度拖尾3个阶段,累计曝气14 h后,硝基苯的平均浓度下降至71.19 mg·L-1,残留的硝基苯分布在远离循环井的区域.由此可见,地下水循环井技术能够较好地修复硝基苯污染的地下水,修复过程存在最佳运行条件及最适修复时间.  相似文献   
842.
场地分类及其在我国的演变   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
简要总结了国内外场地分类的研究现状,详细介绍了我国自1959年以来不同版本的抗震设计规范关于场地分类的规定.以中国的建筑抗震设计规范为线索,介绍了场地分类在我国的演化过程,对场地分类的研究方向提出了建议.  相似文献   
843.
    
Efforts to devolve rights and engage Indigenous Peoples and local communities in conservation have increased the demand for evidence of the efficacy of community-based conservation (CBC) and insights into what enables its success. We examined the human well-being and environmental outcomes of a diverse set of 128 CBC projects. Over 80% of CBC projects had some positive human well-being or environmental outcomes, although just 32% achieved positive outcomes for both (i.e., combined success). We coded 57 total national-, community-, and project-level variables and controls from this set, performed random forest classification to identify the variables most important to combined success, and calculated accumulated local effects to describe their individual influence on the probability of achieving it. The best predictors of combined success were 17 variables suggestive of various recommendations and opportunities for conservation practitioners related to national contexts, community characteristics, and the implementation of various strategies and interventions informed by existing CBC frameworks. Specifically, CBC projects had higher probabilities of combined success when they occurred in national contexts supportive of local governance, confronted challenges to collective action, promoted economic diversification, and invested in various capacity-building efforts. Our results provide important insights into how to encourage greater success in CBC.  相似文献   
844.
    
Although some sectors have made significant progress in learning from failure, there is currently limited consensus on how a similar transition could best be achieved in conservation and what is required to facilitate this. One of the key enabling conditions for other sectors is a widely accepted and standardized classification system for identifying and analyzing root causes of failure. We devised a comprehensive taxonomy of root causes of failure affecting conservation projects. To develop this, we solicited examples of real-life conservation efforts that were deemed to have failed in some way, identified their underlying root causes of failure, and used these to develop a generic, 3-tier taxonomy of the ways in which projects fail, at the top of which are 6 overarching cause categories that are further divided into midlevel cause categories and specific root causes. We tested the taxonomy by asking conservation practitioners to use it to classify the causes of failure for conservation efforts they had been involved in. No significant gaps or redundancies were identified during this testing phase. We then analyzed the frequency that particular root causes were encountered by projects within this test sample, which suggested that some root causes were more likely to be encountered than others and that a small number of root causes were more likely to be encountered by projects implementing particular types of conservation action. Our taxonomy could be used to improve identification, analysis, and subsequent learning from failed conservation efforts, address some of the barriers that currently limit the ability of conservation practitioners to learn from failure, and contribute to establishing an effective culture of learning from failure within conservation.  相似文献   
845.
为了强化《生产安全事故报告和调查处理条例》(493号令)对事故管理及其影响评价的重要作用。笔者在论证了关于提出事故分级新方法的必要性后,在前人已有研究成果的基础上,结合生产安全事故特点,初步提出了一种基于"人员伤亡、财产损失、社会影响和环境污染"四个指标的系统化事故分级新方法。该事故分级理念及方法能更好地切合生产安全事故定义,对新时期下事故分级理念中事故影响多样性内涵的引入是一种积极和有效的探索,具有一定意义。  相似文献   
846.
    
Objective: Though public transport vehicles are rarely involved in mass casualty accidents, when they are, the number of injuries and fatalities is usually high due to the high passenger capacity. Of the few studies that have been conducted on bus safety, the majority focused on vehicle safety features, road environmental factors, as well as driver characteristics. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to investigate the underlying risk factors related to bus occupants. This article presents an investigation aimed at identifying the risk factors affecting injury severity of bus passengers with different movements.

Method: Three different passenger movement types including standing, seated, and boarding/alighting were analyzed individually using classification and regression tree (CART) method based on publicly available accident database of Great Britain.

Results: According to the results of exploratory analyses, passenger age and vehicle maneuver are associated with passenger injury severity in all 3 types of accidents. Moreover, the variable “skidding and overturning” is associated with injury severity of seated passengers and driver age is correlated with injury severity of standing and boarding/alighting passengers.

Conclusions: The CART method shows its ability to identify and easily explain the complicated patterns affecting passenger injury severity. Several countermeasures to reduce bus passenger injury severity are recommended.  相似文献   

847.
基于事故树分析的钻井井漏事故危险评价研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
基于事故致因理论建立井漏事故模型,将井漏事故危险源分为地质条件不佳、井底压力过大、井漏诱因和应急失效4类,提出基于事故树方法的钻井井漏危险性专项评价方法.以东安1井为例,对东安1井井漏事故的风险源进行分析,找出导致井漏的主要原因,通过对最小割集和最小径集的分析可知对井漏事故影响最大的是地质情况因素.对井漏事故的预防提出建议:井眼轨迹设计时应重点考虑地层的地质条件;施工过程中严格按规章操作,并建立良好的应急救援机制.  相似文献   
848.
介绍了彭城电厂回流式循环流化床烟气脱硫的主要设计参数及工艺流程,并对运行中需注意的一些问题进行了分析与探讨。  相似文献   
849.
Four automatic weather stations (AWS) were installed on the slopes and foot areas of the Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains along a longitude of 80 degrees east: (1) Taglak 2400 m a.s.l., (2) Aksu 1000 m, (3) Kartash 2800 m, and (4) Qira 1700 m. These two slopes face the Taklimakan Desert. Tagliak lies on the southern slope of Tianshan, and Kartash on the northern slope of Kunlun. The meteorological characteristics of the mountainous regions were investigated using surface data obtained during an intensive observation period (IOP) in spring 2002. It was found that visibility on the slopes decreases in the daytime, and there is no relationship between visibility and wind speed in the mountainous areas. Two snow layers containing dust particles were observed in the snow cover in Taglak during the IOP in spring 2003. These results suggest that a warm air parcel containing aeolian dust climbs over the slopes of the mountainous areas, and dust particles in the mountainous areas are transported from the foot areas.  相似文献   
850.
气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理与回用技术   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
介绍了一种新型膜生物反应器———气升循环分体式膜生物反应器污水处理和再生回用技术。该技术膜单元和生物单元分置 ,生物单元和膜单元间的水力循环利用气升动力 ,无需循环水泵 ,系统具有维护方便、运行能耗低和建设投资省等特点。采用该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水 ,处理水质可达到建设部颁布的《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ2 5 1 89)。给出了该技术处理生活污水和厕所污水的工程建设投资指标、水处理成本和水处理能耗指标 ,处理能耗 0 6~ 0 8kWh/m3 。该新型膜生物反应器污水再生回用技术具有良好的市场应用前景 ,技术经济可行。  相似文献   
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