垃圾分类系统的规划设计

城市垃圾已经成为公害 ,然而要做到垃圾的减量化、无害化和资源化 ,前提条件是实行垃圾分类 .本文采用以系统分析、全过程控制为核心的 三环一点 的思路 ,设计了厦门市鼓浪屿区的垃圾分类方案     

基于分类的张家港市生活垃圾典型处置情景环境效益分析

为系统揭示生活垃圾分类和末端处置匹配对全过程管理环境效益的改善,按照张家港市日均生活垃圾产量1850 t计,基于生命周期评价方法和实测垃圾组分数据,通过测算污染物排放的直接总环境影响潜值和电能回收量折算后的总环境影响潜值,分析和预测了垃圾分类典型情况和不同末端处置能力匹配情景下的张家港市生活垃圾处置环境效益.垃圾分类后厨余垃圾的平均厨余组分质量占比（厨余垃圾纯度,95%）较未分类小区（66%）提高了29个百分点,其他垃圾中的厨余组分质量占比（41%）则降低了25个百分点.末端处置能力现状情景下,厨余垃圾分出量为150 t·d^-1时,直接总环境影响潜值随厨余垃圾纯度提高逐渐降低,较垃圾未分类时（3.41×10^-10,以PET₂₀₀₀计,下同）减少约10%;厨余垃圾分出量大于150 t·d^-1时,厨余垃圾分出量和纯度不断提高,分流厨余垃圾的填埋处置将导致污染排放增多,直接总环境影响潜值逐渐增加.生活垃圾处置环境效益的提升不仅依靠分类效果的改善,也依靠末端处置能力的匹配.末端处置能力规划情景下,生活垃圾分类后直接总环境影响潜值（1.73×10^-10~2.40×10^-10）均低于末端处置能力现状情景.厨余垃圾处置能力充足,相同厨余垃圾纯度下,直接总环境影响潜值随厨余垃圾分出量增加而降低.末端处置能力现状情景下电能回收量折算后的总环境影响潜值为-0.89×10^-10~-0.39×10^-10,高于末端处置能力规划情景（-2.13×10^-10~-1.82×10^-10）.结果表明,末端处置能力按规划扩建后,垃圾分类效果持续提升利于提高全过程管理的环境效益.从全过程角度协同提升垃圾分类效果与末端处置能力匹配程度,能有力改善环境效益.     

保护植物野生大豆群落不同物种间的生态关系分析

野生大豆(Glycine soja)为我国二级濒危保护植物.通过野外调查和室内实验,利用TWINSPAN分类、DCA间接排序和CCA直接排序的数量分析方法,定量研究了野生大豆群落分布与环境之间的关系.结果表明,TWINSPAN分类将106个样方分为4个群丛组,分别代表水库撂荒地、湿河床、较湿石质河床和较干土质河床4种不同的生境类型,不同的群从组在DCA排序轴上的位置基本反映出其分布与环境梯度的关系;进一步的DCA间接排序和CCA直接排序分析显示,土壤含水量和土壤养分是决定各个不同野生大豆群丛组分布的关键因子;最后通过建立野生大豆3个种群特征与DCA排序第一轴的回归关系分析,确定了盖度和重要值在反映野生大豆种群优势度上要优于高度.图4表1参19     

Assessment of 2010 air quality in two Alpine valleys from modelling: Weather type and emission scenarios

Alpine valleys are sensitive to anthropogenic emissions. Local atmospheric dynamics are a key factor that may lead to an accumulation of pollutants in the bottom of the Chamonix and Maurienne valleys. Assessment of 2010 pollutant concentrations variability needs to take these specificities into account. A meteorological data classification is combined with different emission scenarios in order to run an air quality model. Using simulations of representative scenarios rather than complete years allows for a fine spatial and temporal representation of local atmospheric dynamics and gives access to detailed chemical breakdowns. Results demonstrate the variability of primary and secondary species due to emissions and the predominance of local effects on pollutant concentrations.     

场地分类及其在我国的演变

简要总结了国内外场地分类的研究现状,详细介绍了我国自1959年以来不同版本的抗震设计规范关于场地分类的规定.以中国的建筑抗震设计规范为线索,介绍了场地分类在我国的演化过程,对场地分类的研究方向提出了建议.     

成都平原城市群春季臭氧污染天气客观分型与典型过程分析

通过分析成都平原城市群8个城市2015-2019年春季(4-5月)地面臭氧浓度及超标情况表明,春季成都平原平均臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度(O3_8 h)呈上升趋势,成都、眉山O3超标日较多,雅安最少但呈逐年增加趋势,资阳、乐山O3_8 h平均值和O3超标率高于夏季.同时,利用ERA-Interim再分析资料和PCT客观天...     

Mapping wetlands in the Lower Mekong Basin for wetland resource and conservation management using Landsat ETM images and field survey data

The Mekong River Basin is considered to be the second most species rich river basin in the world. The 795,000 km(2) catchment encompasses several ecoregions, incorporating biodiverse and productive wetland systems. Eighty percent of the rapidly expanding population of the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), made up in part by Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam, live in rural areas and are heavily reliant on wetland resources. As the populations of Cambodia and Lao PDR will double in the next 20 years, pressure on natural resources and particularly wetlands can only increase. For development planning, resource and conservation management to incorporate wetland issues, information on the distribution and character of Mekong wetlands is essential. The existing but outdated wetland maps were compiled from secondary landuse-landcover data, have limited coverage, poor thematic accuracy and no meta-data. Therefore the Mekong River Commission (MRC) undertook to produce new wetland coverage for the LMB. As resources, funding and regional capacity are limited, it was determined that the method applied should use existing facilities, be easily adaptable, and replicable locally. For the product to be useful it must be accepted by local governments and decision makers. The results must be of acceptable accuracy (>75%) and the methodology should be relatively understandable to non-experts. In the first stage of this exercise, field survey was conducted at five pilot sites covering a range of typical wetland habitats (MRC wetland classification) to supply data for a supervised classification of Landsat ETM images from the existing MRC archive. Images were analysed using ERDAS IMAGINE and applying Maximum Likelihood Classification. Field data were reserved to apply formal accuracy assessment to the final wetland habitat maps, with resulting accuracy ranging from 77 to 94%. The maps produced are now in use at a Provincial and National level in three countries for resource and conservation planning and management applications, including designation of a Ramsar wetland site of international importance.     

企业职业危害综合评价和风险分级系统及其应用

我国企业职业危害形势依然十分严峻,2007年共诊断各类职业病14296例,较2006年增加了24．11％。由于国家在一段时期内不太可能大幅度增加监管人员数量,因此,实施企业职业危害分级监管成为职业危害监管工作的一个紧迫需求。本文从提高企业监管信息化水平角度出发,开发企业职业危害综合评价和风险分级系统。系统即可为政府实施职业危害分级监管提供强有力的技术支撑,也可应用在企业的作业场所职业危害管理工作中,从而提高政府和企业职业危害管理工作技术水平和效率。     

农地流转中的农民意愿和政府角色——以重庆市江北区统筹城乡改革和发展试验区为例

土地流转进行与否和方案的制定首先要考虑的是农户意愿,政府在土地流转中的行为和角色也要建立在农户流转意愿的基础上.了解农户土地流转的意愿,并在此基础上分析政府在土地流转中的作用对于指导土地流转的顺利进行具有十分重要的作用.因此,本研究采取随机抽样和典型调查相结合的方式分析了农户的土地流转意愿及影响因素,并通过对比"双溪农户"和"一般农户"土地流转现状和农民对政府土地流转工作的了解情况,分析了政府在农地流转中的角色问题.结果表明:农民的土地流转意愿十分强烈.外出务工人员比例是农户转出土地的首要直接因素;收入总数和结构与土地流转意愿互为因果关系;农户愿意转出耕地,而不愿意转出园地;受教育水平高的农户愿意转入土地,可能发展为农业经营大户.无论是已经大规模发生土地流转的村庄还是尚未大规模发生流转的村庄,农民对于土地流转的目的、意义以及方式等基本信息都不是很了解.因此,政府在土地流转中要适度引导和监督,不能过度干预农民的意愿和行为.     

The Role of Observer Variation in Determining Rosgen Stream Types in Northeastern Oregon Mountain Streams1

Abstract: Consistency in determining Rosgen stream types was evaluated in 12 streams within the John Day Basin, northeastern Oregon. The Rosgen classification system is commonly used in the western United States and is based on the measurement of five stream attributes: entrenchment ratio, width‐to‐depth ratio, sinuosity, slope, and substrate size. Streams were classified from measurements made by three monitoring groups, with each group fielding multiple crews that conducted two to three independent surveys of each stream. In only four streams (33%) did measurements from all crews in all monitoring groups yield the same stream type. Most differences found among field crews and monitoring groups could be attributed to differences in estimates of the entrenchment ratio. Differences in entrenchment ratio were likely due to small discrepancies in determination of maximum bankfull depth, leading to potentially large differences in determination of Rosgen’s flood‐prone width and consequent values of entrenchment. The result was considerable measurement variability among crews within a monitoring group, and because entrenchment ratio is the first discriminator in the Rosgen classification, differences in the assessment of this value often resulted in different determination of primary stream types. In contrast, we found that consistently evaluated attributes, such as channel slope, rarely resulted in any differences in classification. We also found that the Rosgen method can yield nonunique solutions (multiple channel types), with no clear guidance for resolving these situations, and we found that some assigned stream types did not match the appearance of the evaluated stream. Based on these observations we caution the use of Rosgen stream classes for communicating conditions of a single stream or as strata when analyzing many streams due to the reliance of the Rosgen approach on bankfull estimates which are inherently uncertain.