回流式皮带机静电除尘罩除尘效率的试验

为了有效控制皮带机转运点的粉尘污染,研发了一种回流式皮带机静电除尘罩。该除尘罩主要由Ω形极板罩、高压放电极和回流风机等构成,通过调节回流风机的流量,可以使微细粉尘在循环流动中被反复净化。因而研究回流率对除尘效率的影响规律是重要的。试验直接采用实物静电除尘罩,试验粉尘采用中位径为4.496μm的石灰粉,用滤膜称重法测粉尘质量浓度,通过回流风机控制回流量大小进行效率对比试验。结果表明:在给定的外加电压下,回流式皮带机静电除尘罩的除尘效率随回流率增加而提高,当电压大于50 kV,回流率ζ=30%时,除尘效率超过90%,但当回流率ζ30%,除尘效率增加趋缓。当初始粉尘质量浓度为102.34 mg/m~3时,在试验条件下改变回流率和电场强度,排放质量浓度最低可达到5.16 mg/m~3,可实现超净排放。     

大型游乐设施风险评估与分级方法研究

大型游乐设施的运行是一个动态管理过程,不仅涉及设备本身,而且与人、环境等因素密切相关。针对这个特点,提出大型游乐设施风险矩阵(RMM)的风险分级方法。提出了将事故树与模糊数学相结合的模糊事故树法(FFTA);采用3σ模糊表征法计算大型游乐设施各类风险事故的概率;再采用信息熵法来评价大型游乐设施的风险后果;最后利用风险矩阵法来确定大型游乐设施的风险等级,并通过实例验证了该分级模型有效。     

A Freshwater Classification Approach for Biodiversity Conservation Planning

Abstract:  Freshwater biodiversity is highly endangered and faces increasing threats worldwide. To be complete, regional plans that identify critical areas for conservation must capture representative components of freshwater biodiversity as well as rare and endangered species. We present a spatially hierarchical approach to classify freshwater systems to create a coarse filter to capture representative freshwater biodiversity in regional conservation plans. The classification framework has four levels that we described using abiotic factors within a zoogeographic context and mapped in a geographic information system. Methods to classify and map units are flexible and can be automated where high-quality spatial data exist, or can be manually developed where such data are not available. Products include a spatially comprehensive inventory of mapped and classified units that can be used remotely to characterize regional patterns of aquatic ecosystems. We provide examples of classification procedures in data-rich and data-poor regions from the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America and the upper Paraguay River in central South America. The approach, which has been applied in North, Central, and South America, provides a relatively rapid and pragmatic way to account for representative freshwater biodiversity at scales appropriate to regional assessments.     

三峡库区小集水区复合生态系统的水分及养分动态

以三峡库区小集水区复合生态系统为对象 ,定量研究了其中不同子系统的水分和养分动态过程。结果表明 :(1)平均径流系数是裸地 >草地 >菜地 >柏木林 >桔园 ;(2 )年养分流失量是裸地>桔园 >菜地 >草地 >柏木林 ,桔园和菜地的径流系数较小 ,但其径流中养分含量较高 ,导致其输出养分总量较大 ;(3)菜地和桔园由于输出果菜 ,导致系统N、P循环效率的降低 ;(4)各子系统中P的流失较厉害 ,而柏木林在防止该地区养分流失特别是P的流失上是要优于草地的     

可持续发展视角下自然资源的定量化动态分类研究

从可持续发展的基本思路出发 ,对资源的分类原理做了系统的分析 ,提出了基于自然资源动态分类的定量化定义公式 ,并做了分类对比。该方法为可持续发展由定性向定量化发展提供了依据 ,为利用信息高速公路技术对可持续发展的研究以及自然资源信息共享奠定了基础。     

Analyzing injury severity factors at highway railway grade crossing accidents involving vulnerable road users: A comparative study

Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify the main factors associated with injury severity of vulnerable road users (VRUs) involved in accidents at highway railroad grade crossings (HRGCs) using data mining techniques.

Methods: This article applies an ordered probit model, association rules, and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms to the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) HRGC accident database for the period 2007–2013 to identify VRU injury severity factors at HRGCs.

Results: The results show that train speed is a key factor influencing injury severity. Further analysis illustrated that the presence of illumination does not reduce the severity of accidents for high-speed trains. In addition, there is a greater propensity toward fatal accidents for elderly road users compared to younger individuals. Interestingly, at night, injury accidents involving female road users are more severe compared to those involving males.

Conclusions: The ordered probit model was the primary technique, and CART and association rules act as the supporter and identifier of interactions between variables. All 3 algorithms' results consistently show that the most influential accident factors are train speed, VRU age, and gender. The findings of this research could be applied for identifying high-risk hotspots and developing cost-effective countermeasures targeting VRUs at HRGCs.     

Intercomparison of Satellite Remote Sensing‐Based Flood Inundation Mapping Techniques

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of five different digital image processing techniques to map flood inundation extent with Landsat 8–Operational Land Imager satellite imagery. The May 2016 flooding event in the Hempstead region of the Brazos River, Texas is used as a case study for this first comprehensive comparison of classification techniques of its kind. Five flood water classification techniques (i.e., supervised classification, unsupervised classification, delta‐cue change detection, Normalized Difference Water Index [NDWI], modified NDWI [MNDWI]) were implemented to characterize flooded regions. To identify flood water obscured by cloud cover, a digital elevation model (DEM)–based approach was employed. Classified floods were compared using an Advanced Fitness Index to a “reference flood map” created based on manual digitization, as well as other data sources, using the same satellite image. Supervised classification yielded the highest accuracy of 86.4%, while unsupervised, MNDWI, and NDWI closely followed at 79.6%, 77.3%, and 77.1%, respectively. Delta‐cue change detection yielded the lowest accuracy with 70.1%. Thus, supervised classification is recommended for flood water classification and inundation map generation under these settings. The DEM‐based approach used to identify cloud‐obscured flood water pixels was found reliable and easy to apply. It is therefore recommended for regions with relatively flat topography.     

Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Currently, the Chinese central government is considering plans to build a trilateral economic sphere in the Bohai Bay area, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei(BTH), where haze pollution frequently occurs. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanism of the haze pollution there. Therefore, the pollutant transport mechanisms of a haze event over the BTH region from 23 to 24 September 2011 were studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the FLEXible-PARTicle dispersion model to understand the effects of the local atmospheric circulations and atmospheric boundary layer structure. Results suggested that the penetration by sea-breeze could strengthen the vertical dispersion by lifting up the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and carry the local pollutants to the downstream areas; in the early night, two elevated pollution layers(EPLs) may be generated over the mountain areas: the pollutants in the upper EPL at the altitude of 2–2.5 km were favored to disperse by long-range transport, while the lower EPL at the altitude of 1 km may serve as a reservoir, and the pollutants there could be transported downward and contribute to the surface air pollution.The intensity of the sea–land and mountain–valley breeze circulations played an important role in the vertical transport and distribution of pollutants. It was also found that the diurnal evolution of the PBLH is important for the vertical dispersion of the pollutants,which is strongly affected by the local atmospheric circulations and the distribution of urban areas.     

城市垃圾分类的协同管理模式研究

通过对N市城市垃圾分类实践工作的梳理分析,构建了国家行动者与作为参与主体的居民之间协同管理的行动逻辑与运行模式:自上而下+自下而上的双向行动.一方面,国家行动者通过诱导性和强制性机制,增强居民参与到垃圾分类中的积极性;另一方面,社会参与者在接受国家政府指导的基础上,建立了社会力量主导的垃圾分类自治空间,发挥了"自下而上"的建构性作用.在中国迫切需要开展垃圾分类的背景下,该种运行模式将有助于城市垃圾分类工作的推进以及环境改善.     

不同再生水消毒方式对斑马鱼胚胎毒性的影响及其危害分级

以斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试研究海南某污水处理厂出水经氯胺、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠、臭氧和紫外几种消毒处理后对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性。利用胚胎毒性和层次分析法构建危害分级方法及其指标体系,评价消毒危害。研究结果表明:消毒处理前的二沉池出水未产生胚胎发育毒性效应,但经次氯酸钠、氯胺、臭氧、二氧化氯对再生水消毒处理可使斑马鱼胚胎出现卵黄囊异常、心跳减缓、色素沉积减少、孵出延缓和卷尾等毒理反应;不同消毒方式处理的再生水可致斑马鱼胚胎死亡率增加,胚胎毒性依次为:二氧化氯紫外紫外+次氯酸钠=二沉池出水(不消毒)氯胺=紫外+氯胺臭氧次氯酸钠;不同消毒方式的危害分级为:二氧化氯和紫外消毒构成轻微危害,危害等级为I级,紫外+次氯酸钠、紫外+氯胺、氯胺消毒构成中度危害,危害等级为II级,次氯酸钠危害较强,其危害等级为III级;化学消毒剂与紫外线组合消毒可降低再生水消毒的危害。