Oregon Hydrologic Landscapes: A Classification Framework1

Wigington, Parker J., Jr., Scott G. Leibowitz, Randy L. Comeleo, and Joseph L. Ebersole, 2012. Oregon Hydrologic Landscapes: A Classification Framework. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐20. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12009 Abstract: There is a growing need for hydrologic classification systems that can provide a basis for broad‐scale assessments of the hydrologic functions of landscapes and watersheds and their responses to stressors such as climate change. We developed a hydrologic landscape (HL) classification approach that describes factors of climate‐watershed systems that control the hydrologic characteristics of watersheds. Our assessment units are incremental watersheds (i.e., headwater watersheds or areas draining directly into stream reaches). Major components of the classification include indices of annual climate, climate seasonality, aquifer permeability, terrain, and soil permeability. To evaluate the usefulness of our approach, we identified 30 rivers with long‐term streamflow‐gauging records and without major diversions and impoundments. We used statistical clustering to group the streams based on the shapes of their annual hydrographs. Comparison of the streamflow clusters and HL distributions within river basin clusters shows that the Oregon HL approach has the ability to provide insights about the expected hydrologic behavior of HLs and larger river basins. The Oregon HL approach has potential to be a useful framework for comparing hydrologic attributes of streams and rivers in the Pacific Northwest.     

我国触电防护基础理论和观念存在问题剖析

触电形式、触电防护措施、供电系统的选择属于触电防护的基本问题.就触电形式而言,存在分类不完整、不同分类之间缺乏联系等问题,从触电相关导电体着手,提出了多层次系统化触电形式分类方法.就触电防护措施而言,就IEC最新标准由“平面式”分类转向“立体式”分类的深层意义进行了解读,并对“立体式”分类方法仍存在的问题进行了分析,提出了改进建议;指明我国翻译制定的等同标准未能充分体现IEC“立体式”分类方法的真正用意.就供电系统选择而言,“只能借用过流保护装置完成漏电保护”时代已经结束,建议我国从标准层面上放弃对TN供电系统的推荐,积极推广TT系统.     

推进生态文明 建设美丽中国

党的十八大报告描绘了全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义生态文明的宏伟蓝图,展现了"美丽中国"的动人画卷。在生态文明建设的高潮中,各地的做法对于我们更好地创新思路,推进"美丽中国"建设具有一定的借鉴意义。"绿色湖南"建设全面启动湖南省2013年将大力实施"绿色湖南"建设重点工程。"绿色湖南"建设重点工程是:农村沼气池建设工程;岩溶地区石漠     

华东沿海热带气旋移动和降水特征研究

基于TRMM 3B42RT 3 h降水资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的500 hPa分析场资料,借助于GIS空间分析方法,对热带气旋降水大值区的分布落区与移动路径之间的空间关系进行了统计叠置,分析了2000～2009年共29个登陆华东沿海或进入华东近海海域的热带气旋的路径、强度、降水的空间分布以及500 hPa环流形势对其影响的规律。结果表明：不同500 hPa环流形势对登陆热带气旋的移动路径及降水的空间分布型态有规律可循,其中中高纬西风带环流形势（50°N以北）以及副高西脊点所处的位置在热带气旋路径和降水分布型的业务预报中起着重要的指示作用     

A Freshwater Classification Approach for Biodiversity Conservation Planning

Abstract:  Freshwater biodiversity is highly endangered and faces increasing threats worldwide. To be complete, regional plans that identify critical areas for conservation must capture representative components of freshwater biodiversity as well as rare and endangered species. We present a spatially hierarchical approach to classify freshwater systems to create a coarse filter to capture representative freshwater biodiversity in regional conservation plans. The classification framework has four levels that we described using abiotic factors within a zoogeographic context and mapped in a geographic information system. Methods to classify and map units are flexible and can be automated where high-quality spatial data exist, or can be manually developed where such data are not available. Products include a spatially comprehensive inventory of mapped and classified units that can be used remotely to characterize regional patterns of aquatic ecosystems. We provide examples of classification procedures in data-rich and data-poor regions from the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America and the upper Paraguay River in central South America. The approach, which has been applied in North, Central, and South America, provides a relatively rapid and pragmatic way to account for representative freshwater biodiversity at scales appropriate to regional assessments.     

三峡库区小集水区复合生态系统的水分及养分动态

以三峡库区小集水区复合生态系统为对象 ,定量研究了其中不同子系统的水分和养分动态过程。结果表明 :(1)平均径流系数是裸地 >草地 >菜地 >柏木林 >桔园 ;(2 )年养分流失量是裸地>桔园 >菜地 >草地 >柏木林 ,桔园和菜地的径流系数较小 ,但其径流中养分含量较高 ,导致其输出养分总量较大 ;(3)菜地和桔园由于输出果菜 ,导致系统N、P循环效率的降低 ;(4)各子系统中P的流失较厉害 ,而柏木林在防止该地区养分流失特别是P的流失上是要优于草地的     

可持续发展视角下自然资源的定量化动态分类研究

从可持续发展的基本思路出发 ,对资源的分类原理做了系统的分析 ,提出了基于自然资源动态分类的定量化定义公式 ,并做了分类对比。该方法为可持续发展由定性向定量化发展提供了依据 ,为利用信息高速公路技术对可持续发展的研究以及自然资源信息共享奠定了基础。     

Analyzing injury severity factors at highway railway grade crossing accidents involving vulnerable road users: A comparative study

Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify the main factors associated with injury severity of vulnerable road users (VRUs) involved in accidents at highway railroad grade crossings (HRGCs) using data mining techniques.

Methods: This article applies an ordered probit model, association rules, and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms to the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) HRGC accident database for the period 2007–2013 to identify VRU injury severity factors at HRGCs.

Results: The results show that train speed is a key factor influencing injury severity. Further analysis illustrated that the presence of illumination does not reduce the severity of accidents for high-speed trains. In addition, there is a greater propensity toward fatal accidents for elderly road users compared to younger individuals. Interestingly, at night, injury accidents involving female road users are more severe compared to those involving males.

Conclusions: The ordered probit model was the primary technique, and CART and association rules act as the supporter and identifier of interactions between variables. All 3 algorithms' results consistently show that the most influential accident factors are train speed, VRU age, and gender. The findings of this research could be applied for identifying high-risk hotspots and developing cost-effective countermeasures targeting VRUs at HRGCs.     

A systems approach to extraordinarily major coal mine accidents in China from 1997 to 2011: an application of the HFACS approach

This study aimed to provide a greater understanding of the systemic factors involved in coal mine accidents and to examine the relationships between the contributing factors across all levels of the system. Ninety-four extraordinarily major coal mine accidents that occurred in China from 1997 to 2011 were analyzed using the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS). The empirical results showed that the frequencies of unsafe behaviors, inadequate regulation and failure to correct hidden dangers were the highest among five levels, 14 categories and 48 indicators, respectively. The odds ratio technique was applied to quantitatively examine the relationships between contributing factors. Various statistically significant associations were discovered and should receive greater attention in future attempts to develop accident measures. In addition, several strategies concerning the main contributing factors and routes to failure are proposed to prevent accidents from reoccurring in an organization.     

回流式皮带机静电除尘罩除尘效率的试验

为了有效控制皮带机转运点的粉尘污染,研发了一种回流式皮带机静电除尘罩。该除尘罩主要由Ω形极板罩、高压放电极和回流风机等构成,通过调节回流风机的流量,可以使微细粉尘在循环流动中被反复净化。因而研究回流率对除尘效率的影响规律是重要的。试验直接采用实物静电除尘罩,试验粉尘采用中位径为4.496μm的石灰粉,用滤膜称重法测粉尘质量浓度,通过回流风机控制回流量大小进行效率对比试验。结果表明:在给定的外加电压下,回流式皮带机静电除尘罩的除尘效率随回流率增加而提高,当电压大于50 kV,回流率ζ=30%时,除尘效率超过90%,但当回流率ζ30%,除尘效率增加趋缓。当初始粉尘质量浓度为102.34 mg/m~3时,在试验条件下改变回流率和电场强度,排放质量浓度最低可达到5.16 mg/m~3,可实现超净排放。