大客车侧翻过程中约束系统对乘客安全影响*

为研究约束系统对客车侧翻过程中乘客安全的影响,在经过试验验证的某客车侧翻碰撞有限元模型上截取部分车身截段,建立“车身截段-约束系统-乘员”侧翻仿真模型,开展不同约束条件下乘员运动响应和损伤的综合分析及评价。结果表明:满足《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》（GB 17578—2013）法规要求的客车在侧翻过程中仍然可能对乘员造成较严重的头部损伤风险;主动预紧安全带能够在侧翻碰撞过程中,有效缓解乘员的头部和颈部损伤程度;胸部损伤值受不同约束系统影响较小。     

Sampling Scale Effects in Random Fields and Implications for Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.     

地震波数值模拟方法研究综述

地震波场数值模拟不仅是研究复杂地区地震资料采集、处理和解释的有效辅助手段,而且是研究地球深部精细构造的有效工具。地震波场数值模拟的主要方法包括3大类,即几何射线法、积分方程法和波动方程法。首先介绍了地震波数值模拟方法的理论基础和内容及特点,然后概括介绍了20世纪90年代以来几何射线法和各种波动方程数值模拟方法的新进展。因为波动方程数值模拟包含了丰富的波动信息,可为研究地震波的传播机理和复杂地层的解释提供更多的佐证,所以重点介绍波动方程数值模拟方法。最后,对各种数值模拟方法进行了评述,并给出了地震波传播理论和数值模拟方法发展的展望。     

Mathematical Model for Pollution Source Identification in Rivers

Release of pollution into rivers is required to be handled with special consideration to environmental standards. For this purpose, it is essential to specify the contribution of each pollution source in contamination of water resources. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed for determining locations and concentration release histories of polluting point sources using measured downstream river concentrations via an inverse problem framework. The inverse solution is based on the integral equation obtained from applying the Green's function method on the one-dimensional advection-dispersion contaminant transport equation. Discretization of this integral equation results in a linear, over-determined and ill-posed system of algebraic equations that are solved by using the Tikhonov regularization method. Several examples and some real field data are investigated to illustrate the abilities of the proposed model. Results imply that the proposed method is effective and can identify the pollution sources in rivers with acceptable accuracy.     

危岩体断裂特性的网格重构数值仿真研究

危岩体稳定是三峡库区的主要关注点之一.为探究不同裂纹赋存形态以及不同降雨工况下危岩体断裂的变形特性,基于围道积分原理,在Abaqus平台上利用Python语言开发了基于断裂力学理论的危岩体任意裂纹扩展的网格重构数值模拟方法,该方法与以往危岩体裂纹扩展数值模拟方法相比,能够体现危岩体裂纹尖端的断裂力学特征,实现连续介质中...     

基于模糊积分综合评价法的我国应急物资对外采购能力评价

首先构建了应急物资对外采购能力评价指标体系,然后针对我国应急物资对外采购能力评价是一个单方案、多层、多指标且指标间具有相关性的主观评价问题,提出了利用Choquet模糊积分和模糊测度构建我国应急物资对外采购能力二级综合评价模型。利用专家打分法确定单指标的模糊密度;用Choquet模糊积分算子融合指标的评语值;给出了详细的评价方法,并运用该方法对我国的应急物资对外采购能力进行评价,根据评价结果提出了存在的问题和改进建议。     

太湖流域水污染实质与集成化流域管理

本文分析了太湖流域面源性水环境污染问题及其治理机制 ,在此基础上指出面源污染的深层原因是传统粗放型经济增长方式 ;生活方式的过物质化、城乡二元结构及城乡空间布局的不合理等社会经济运行机制的不可持续性 ,并对建立适应面源污染的综合性、集成化和流域性的水环境管理体制提出了突破性的改革思路     

环保与HVACCAD软件一体化设计的探讨

以多级模糊综合评判为工具,在专家知识库的支持下,利用计算机判别最优设计方案。紧终方案既满足工程设计要求,又满足安全环保技术要求,从而实现环保与HVACCAD软件一体化设计。     

区域大气污染物日均浓度不同计算方法的比较

在计算区域典型日大气中ＳＯ２日均浓度时,对点源采用高斯烟流模式和烟团模式;对面源分别采用后退点源模式和面源积分模式,计算结果均与实际的监测值比较接近,但用面源积分模式得到的计算结果较后退点源模式更准确。     

整体壁板增量压弯试验与模拟

采用逐点增量弯曲的方法对网格式带筋整体壁板进行了试验研究,并进行了有限元模拟。研究表明:采用增量压弯成形工艺可以成形出具有一定曲率外形的整体壁板;压弯过程中蒙皮始终处于弹性变形阶段,筋条既有弹性变形产生,又有塑性变形产生;压下量达到一定值时,塑性变形的比率急剧增加。