亚热带森林凋落物层土壤酶活性的季节动态

凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分循环中至关重要的过程。凋落物的分解与凋落物中的分解酶的活性直接相关。本研究调查了亚热带常绿阔叶林与针叶林中与土壤碳氮元素循环有关的β-糖苷酶(β-glucosidase)、内切纤维素酶(endocellulase)和几丁质酶(chitobiase)活性的季节变化规律。结果表明:在两个群落中,3种土壤酶活性与温度之间都有一定相关性,最高值均出现在温度较高的七月份;阔叶林中三种酶的活性在各个季节中大小顺序都为未分解凋落物层(L)>半分解层(F)>腐殖质层(H),而针叶林中则是半分解层(F)>未分解凋落物层(L)>腐殖质层(H);在每个取样时间点β-糖苷酶和几丁质酶的活性最高值都在阔叶林L层,显著高于针叶林L层,而内切纤维素酶的活性最高值是在针叶林H层。两林型下酶活性动态的差异,可能是导致两林型下凋落物层残存量差别的一个重要原因。     

川西亚高山冷杉林和白桦林土壤酶活性季节动态

研究了川西亚高山冷杉林和白桦林中与土壤碳氮元素循环有关的土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性的季节变化规律．结果表明：(1)在两个群落中，腐殖质层(A)中6种土壤酶活性均高于淀积层(B)和母质层(C)中的酶活性；(2)白桦林A层土壤酶活性显著高于冷杉林A层土壤，而C层的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以冷杉林明显高于白桦林，但C层的其它4种酶活性没有明显差异；(3)土壤酶活性的高峰期主要出现在温度较高的7、8月份(冷杉林A层土壤中的蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶，白桦林A层土壤中的蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶)，或是凋落物高峰期的10月份(冷杉林A层土壤中的脲酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶，白桦林A层土壤中的多酚氧化酶)．可见，不同土壤酶的活性对温度的敏感程度是不一样的，有一些土壤酶的活性(如多酚氧化酶)明显受凋落物动态的影响．图1表2参18     

长苞铁杉林林隙自然干扰规律

从林隙的大小结构、形成方式及形成木的数量特征等几个方面 ,对长苞铁杉纯林及混交林林隙干扰状况进行了对比研究 .结果表明 :纯林冠空隙 (CG)平均面积为 16 .4 6m2 ,扩展空隙 (EG)平均面积为 96 .98m2 ,混交林CG、EG平均面积分别为 6 9.75m2 和 2 32 .93m2 ;在长苞铁杉纯林中 ,林隙主要以枯立木形成为主 ,占总形成木的一半以上 ,且以单株形成木和多株形成木综合形成 ,形成木径级主要集中在 2 0～ 4 0cm之间 ;混交林林隙以干基折断为主 ,且多由双形成木形成 ,由双形成木形成的林隙占林隙总数的 4 4 % ,形成木以 30～ 4 0cm径级的占最大比例 ,占形成木总数的 4 3.2 4 % ;纯林及混交林形成木高度都主要集中在 2 0～ 30m之间 ;形成木物种组成的比例大小基本上与其主林层树种所占的比例相对应 ;纯林林隙大多处于林隙发育的前、中期而混交林林隙则多集中在林隙发育的中后期 .图 3表 5参 19     

Wildfire Policy and Public Lands: Integrating Scientific Understanding with Social Concerns across Landscapes

Abstract:  Efforts to suppress wildfires have become increasingly problematic in recent years as costs have risen, threats to firefighter safety have escalated, and detrimental impacts to ecosystems have multiplied. Wildfires that escape initial suppression often expand into large, high-intensity summer blazes. Lost is the legacy of smaller fires that likely burned outside extreme weather and fuel conditions and resulted in less severe impacts. Despite the recognized need for modifications to existing policies and practices, resource agencies have been slow to respond. The spread of exotic species, climate change, and increasing human development in wildlands further complicates the issue. New policies are needed that integrate social and ecological needs across administrative boundaries and broad landscapes. These policies should promote a continuum of treatments with active management and reduction of fuel hazard in wildland-urban interface zones and reintroduction of fire in wildlands. Management goals should focus on restoration of the long-term ecological health of the land. Projects that reduce fuel loads but compromise the integrity of soil, water supplies, or watersheds will do more harm than good in the long run. Despite significant ecological concerns, learning to live with fire remains primarily a social issue that will require greater political leadership, agency innovation, public involvement, and community responsibility.     

Ecosystem Management across Ownerships: the Potential for Collision with Antitrust Laws

Abstract:  Cross-boundary ecosystem management is increasingly being advocated to address large-scale ecological issues on forested landscapes. Such management requires information about the age, composition, and distribution of trees and other vegetation in addition to the ability to coordinate management over large areas. In the United States, the forest industry owns and manages a large quantity of biologically productive forest land, and these forests are crucial to the success of regional ecosystem planning. Antitrust laws, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, limit the industry's ability to participate in regional ecosystem planning because they restrict the ability of competing firms to coordinate activities and share information. Because antitrust courts do not consider the intentions of violators, achieving conservation or other public policy goals, even when working with government agencies, is not a sufficient defense. Therefore, the real and perceived threat of antitrust litigation is a disincentive to the forest industry's participation in large-scale ecosystem management. Potential solutions to this problem include state immunity statutes and third-party data aggregation.     

森林生态系统中土壤呼吸研究进展

土壤呼吸是土壤微生物活性和土壤肥力的一个重要指标，是土壤碳流通的一个重要过程，也是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个关键部分，对研究全球变化有非常重要影响。文章综述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸的各种测量方法，比较了静态气室法和动态气室法的优缺点，认为动态红外气体分析法是最可靠的方法之一；探讨了影响土壤呼吸速率的各种因素，指出在各生物和非生物因素中，温度对土壤呼吸的影响最大；最后提出了土壤呼吸研究过程中存在的一些问题及今后的发展方向。     

Background levels of heavy metals in plants of different taxonomic groups from a montane rain forest in Sri Lanka

An undisturbed natural reserve area iocated in a tropical montane rain forest at about 1800 m altitude in Sri Lanka served as a study site to investigate and assess the natural background concentration levels of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in plants representing different taxonomic groups (divisions) in the plant kingdom. The plants selected were: the lichen,Usnea barbata (old man's beard);Pogonatum sp. (a moss);Lycopodium selago (epiphytic lycopod);Polypodium lanceolatum (epiphytic fern);Bulbophyllum elliae (epiphytic orchid) andActinodaphne ambigua (dicotyledonous large tree). Degree of homogeneity with respect to Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in homogenised materials of all samples were within acceptable limits, whereasPogonatum sp. showed the highest degree of homogeneity for Pb. In addition to confirming extremely low levels of heavy metals in all plant species, the survey also found that generally the primitive plants,Usnea andPogonatum appear to have a greater tendency to accumulate As, Cd, Co and Pb; in particular,U. barbata appears to be an efficient accumulator for those heavy metals, suggesting its potential use in environmental studies.Actinodaphne ambigua was found to have a specific accumulating ability for nickel. Surface cleaning of theA. ambigua leaves resulted in a substantial decrease in the foliar contents of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. Variations in heavy metal contents observed in different plant genera are discussed in terms of their habits and place of growth in the forest. It is anticipated that the background levels presented in this paper from a remote, unpolluted tropical ecosystem will provide useful reference data for comparative environmental studies.     

城郊森林区对城区环境生态影响

城郊森林区正成为城市生态绿地系统的重要组成部分，本文选定常熟市及近郊的虞山国家森林公园作为实验区，根据主要环境影响因子的测试结果，分析探讨城郊森林区对城市区域的生态影响及作用机制，表明森林群落是优于其它下垫面类型的多层，多效，可持续利用的城区环境生物净化器。     

Integrating pattern-based modelling and political ecology in land-use change research: the case of Mexican dry tropics

ABSTRACT

Agricultural and extractive frontiers experiment rapid landscape transformation. Land-Use Sciences and Political Ecology are complementary approaches for analysing how landscape transformations are related to biophysical conditions, and socioeconomic, cultural and political processes developed at global, national and local scales. This study examines such relationships in a long-standing agrarian and resource frontier in southern Mexico for the 1986–2015 period. We combine insights from: (1) a quantitative land use/land cover change pattern-based model, involving a weights of evidence and cellular automata simulations, and (2) a qualitative content analysis of literature and of local actors’ perspectives. Two grand frontier processes have developed in this region: NAFTA-related agrarian transition toward intensification and the establishment of wind farms. Both were triggered by global forces and new forms of land and resources use, but mediated by national-to-local ecological, socioeconomic and political processes, producing particular landscape transformations.